Endonuclease heteroduplex mismatch cleavage for detecting mutation genetic variation of trypsin inhibitors in soybean

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variation of trypsin inhibitor in cultivated (Glycine max L.) and wild (Glycine sofa Siebold & Zucc.) soybean varieties. Genetic variations of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, represented by a 21-kD protein (KTI), and of the Bowman-Birk trypsin chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBI) were evaluated in cultivated (G. max) and wild (G. sofa) soybean varieties. Endonuclease heteroduplex mismatch cleavage assays were performed to detect mutations in the KTI gene, with a single-stranded specific nuclease obtained from celery extracts (CEL I). The investigated soybean varieties showed low level of genetic variation in KTI and BBI. PCR-RFLP analysis divided the BBI-A type into subtypes A1 and A2, and showed that Tib type of KTI is the dominant type. Digestion with restriction enzymes was not able to detect differences between ti-null and other types of Ti alleles, while the endonuclease heteroduplex mismatch cleavage assay with CEL I could detect ti-null type. The digestion method with CEL I provides a simple and useful genetic tool for SNP analysis. The presented method can be used as a tool for fast and useful screening of desired genotypes in future breeding programs of soybean

Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe

peer reviewedIn this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved

Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe

Peer reviewed. ©2015. The Authors.This is an open access article under theterms of the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-N oDerivsLicense, which permits use and distri-bution in any medium, provided theoriginal work is properly cited, the use isnon-commerc ial and no modificationsor adaptations are made.In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade 1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors —from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade 1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade 1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes

Pourquoi le décorer ?Quelques observations sur le décor céramique en Afrique

Depuis le fameux ‘Why pots are decorated’ (David et al. 1988), le décor céramique est passé à l’arrière plan des préoccupations des archéologues africanistes, au profit d’autres aspects comme les techniques de fabrication ou les modes de consommation. A l’époque, l’article sonnait le glas d’un interminable débat sur le style dominé par la question du marquage des frontières sociales. En illustrant la dimension religieuse des pratiques ornementales, David et al. (1988) n’ouvraient pas seulement de nouvelles pistes d’interprétation: ils ramenaient également le décor parmi les autres éléments de la chaîne opératoire, dont les dimensions symboliques commençaient alors à être mises en avant par un nombre croissant d’anthropologues. Cette théorie semble aujourd’hui aussi problématique que celle qu’elle visait à remplacer. Le temps est venu de remettre le décor sur la sellette, mais dans une perspective plus large que par le passé. C’est ce que vise cet article, basé sur des observations ethnographiques effectuées à travers le continent. Dans un premier temps, quelques aspects classiques de l’analyse des décors sont évoqués, afin d’illustrer la complexité des pratiques ornementales et les dangers d’interprétations trop univoques. Dans un second temps, de nouvelles perspectives d’interprétation sont illustrées, liées à la spatialisation et aux dynamiques de constitution des mondes sociaux.SCOPUS: cp.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedArchaeological Research in Afric

QTL analysis of fruit length using rRAMP, WRKY, and AFLP markers in chili pepper

A pepper genetic map was constructed from F(2) mapping population of 93 individuals from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'F68' and C. chinense 'Habanero'. Surrey was made for the map distribution and polymorphism level of these marker groups; reverse random amplification microsatellite polymorphism (rRAMP), WRKY and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). A total of 912 molecular markers [356 rRAMP, 190 WRKY, 305 AFLP, and 61 simple sequence repeats (SSR)] were developed in this study. The rRAMP and WRKY markers were more evenly scattered in the pepper genome than the AFLP and SSR markers, and filled the gaps not populated by the other markers. The interspecific pepper map contained 28 linkage groups with 625 linked markers and covered 3377.2 cM with an average interval of 5.9 cM. On the basis of the map, the fruit length quantitative trait locus (QTL) was analyzed and these QTL regions were detected near rRAMP and WRKY markers on the chromosome 3, 5, 11, and LG3. These marker system, map information, and detected QTLs could be one of basic information for pepper researchclose