Fish fauna of Surha Tal of District-Ballia (U.P.), India

The present study on survey of Surha Tal of district Ballia, U. P. for fish fauna showed the presence of 59 species belonging to 40 genera of 22 families and 8 orders

Histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver of an estuarine mullet, Liza parsia, induced by sublethal exposure to DDT

Liza parsia were exposed to sublethal (0.02 ppm) concentration of DDT for 15 days. The gill responded initially with copious secretion of mucus, oedematous separation of epithelial cells from the basement membrane and fusion of secondary gill lamellae. Hyperplasia of the cells lining primary gill lamellae and lamellar telangiectases (or aneurysms) was frequently seen after day 10 of exposure. Kidney exhibited hypertrophy of the epithelial cells lining proximal convoluted tubules which was followed by shrinkage in glomerular tufts, increase in Bowman's space, appearance of amorphous eosinophilic materials in the lumina of the tubules and focal necrosis on day 10 of the treatment. Hyaline droplets and casts were also encountered in the epithelial cells and lumina of the proximal tubules. Liver revealed an initial dilation of canaliculi and increased secretion of bile. Thereafter, the displacement of nuclei towards periphery of the hepatocytes, disorganization of blood sinusoids, pyknotic changes in nuclei, cytolysis and vacuolation as well as focal necrosis were noticed after day 10 of the intoxication

Energetics of Defects and Diffusion Mechanisms in Graphite

Extensive first-principles calculations are presented for the formation energies and migration barriers of elementary defects in graphite, as well as for the activation energy of atomic exchange. The calculations show that the long-held view, that atomic diffusion in graphite occurs via the direct-exchange mechanism, is incorrect, although more complicated exchange processes have not been ruled out. We find that diffusion in graphite is most likely mediated by vacancies with an activation energy which is lower than that of the interstitial and the direct-exchange mechanisms, and is in reasonable agreement with experiment.Engineering and Applied Science

Effects of Brewery Spent Grain (BSG) included poultry diet on growth performance and meat quality of New Hampshire chicken

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion effects of Dried Brewery Spent Grain (DBSG) to know its effect on growth performance and meat quality on poultry. Completely randomized design was used to compare the treatments in five replications. The treatments used were 15% DBSG (T1), 20% DBSG (T2), 25% DBSG (T3), Commercial feed (T4) and (0% DBSG) scavenging bird was used as a control. Each treatment contained 10 birds including 200 chickens in the whole investigation. The major factors body weight, carcasses and organs weight, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and calcium were evaluated. Results showed that mean body weight of the experimental bird after 60 days was not significantly different (p>0.05) among the dietary treatments, i.e., T1 (781.46 g), T2 (738.36 g), T3 (728.91 g) and T4 (753.38 g). Carcass, breast muscle, thigh, wing, shank, liver and spleen were not significantly different (p>0.05) in weight between DBSG included diet and commercial feed. However, dressing percentage (59.3%) of T4 and gizzard (43.20 gm.) in T3 was significantly higher than other treatments. The significantly higher (p<0.05) amount of cholesterol found in T4 (312.01 mg/dl) followed by control diet (239.46 mg/dl), both of which were above than reference range (129-297 mg/dl). However, in other treatments i.e., T1, T2 and T3, the cholesterol content was in between the reference range. Similarly, same level (p>0.05) of total protein, albumin and calcium content in blood serum observed in BSG included diet and commercial diet. Hence, 15% to 20% inclusion of BSG could be the optimum level in diets of New Hampshire chickens

Investigation of Single Boron Acceptors at the Cleaved Si:B (111) Surface

The cleaved and (2 x 1) reconstructed (111) surface of p-type Si is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Single B acceptors are identified due to their characteristic voltage-dependent contrast which is explained by a local energetic shift of the electronic density of states caused by the Coulomb potential of the negatively charged acceptor. In addition, detailed analysis of the STM images shows that apparently one orbital is missing at the B site at sample voltages of 0.4 - 0.6 V, corresponding to the absence of a localized dangling-bond state. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy confirms a strongly altered density of states at the B atom due to the different electronic structure of B compared to Si.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

Nutritional Status among 6-59 Months Children in A Selected Community of A VDC

Introduction: Adequate nutrition is essential for proper growth and development of the child. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to find the prevalence of nutritional status of 6–59 month old Tharu children in Duruwa VDC of Dang District. This study also deliberate the socio-economic and demographic character, maternal and child character and child feeding status of the Tharu community children. Methods: This study is a cross-section descriptive study and was done between February and March, 2017 in Tharu community of Duruwa VDC, Dang. Total 189 children of age group 6 – 59 months were selected by using systematic random sampling technique; anthropometric measurements were performed to find the nutritional status of children. Pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect information from caretaker. WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 and SPSS version 20 were used to analyze data. Results: Prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight were 25 (13.2%), 51 (27%), and 40 (21.2%) respectively. The prevalence of stunting was seen more in females than in males while underweight was higher among males, whereas wasting was very similar in both sexes. Conclusions: The findings showed that there is still high prevalence of malnutrition in Tharu children of Duruwa VDC. So monitoring of nutrition status in Tharu children should be taken seriously and needs to be addressed

Variable Stoichiometry Surface Reconstructions: New Models for GaAs(1¯1¯1¯) (2×2) and (√1¯9¯×√1¯9¯)

The (1¯ 1¯ 1¯) surface of GaAs exhibits three stable reconstructions. Two are (2×2), As stabilized and Ga stabilized respectively, and the third is $(\sqrt{19} \times \sqrt{19})$. Transitions between these structures are obtained by variation of the experimental conditions. We propose new models for all of the above reconstructions, based on ab initio total-energy calculations and experimental information regarding surface composition.Engineering and Applied Science

(2×2) Reconstructions of the {111} Polar Surfaces of GaAs

Ab initio total-energy calculations were used to examine (2×2) reconstruction models for the (111) and (1¯1¯1¯) surfaces of GaAs. For the (111) surface the lowest-energy Ga-vacancy geometry is determined; several mechanisms for Ga-vacancy formation are examined and other reconstructions are discussed. For the (1¯1¯1¯) surface it is shown that the As-vacancy model is unlikely and other geometries are considered.Engineering and Applied Science

Ab Initio Theory of Polar Semiconductor surfaces. II. (2x2) Reconstructions and Related Phase Transitions of GaAs(1¯1¯1¯)

The (2×2) reconstructions of GaAs(1¯ 1¯ 1¯) are studied with use of a theoretical approach based on the calculation of the total energy in the context of density-functional theory and the pseudopotential approximation. New models are proposed for the As-rich and Ga-rich reconstructions. The relative chemical potential plays a crucial role in determining the lowest-energy configuration. The total-energy versus chemical-potential curves indicate the possibility of phase transitions between different configurations. One such transition concerning the experimentally observed (√19 × √19 ) reconstruction can be explained as an intermediate phase between the proposed low-energy (2×2) reconstructions.Engineering and Applied Science

Ab Initio Theory of Polar Semiconductor Surfaces. I. Methodology and the (22) Reconstructions of GaAs(111)

A methodology is developed for the theoretical study of the polar surfaces of compound semiconductors. It is based on the calculation of the total energy in the context of density-functional theory in the pseudopotential approximation. The method is used to investigate the (2×2) reconstructions of GaAs(111). Emphasis is given to the relative chemical potential, which plays a crucial role in determining the lowest-energy geometry for surfaces with different stoichiometries. The total-energy versus chemical-potential curves indicate that there are at least two stable reconstructions. We predict one to be an As-triangle geometry and the other the Ga vacancy.Engineering and Applied Science