REAL-TIME MULTI-PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARM AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Mobile Multi patient monitoring device has become increasingly important in Hospital wards to record real-time data during normal activity for better treatment. However, the current quality and reliability have not been satisfactory due to the size, weight, distance of coverage and also high power consumption. This paper provides a solution for enhancing the reliability, flexibility by improving the performance and power management of the real-time multi-patient monitoring system (MPMS). In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored by the MPMS and the acquired data is transmitted to a centralized ARM server using Wireless Sensor Networks. A ZigBee node is connected to every patient monitor system which will send the patient\u27s vital information .Upon system boot up, the mobile patient monitor system will continuously monitor the patients vital parameters like Heart Beat, body temperature etc and will periodically send those parameters to a centralized server using ZigBee node configured as co-coordinator. If a particular patient’s health parameter falls below the threshold value, a buzzer alert is triggered by the ARM server. Along with a buzzer an automated SMS is posted to the pre-configured Doctors mobile number using a standard GSM module interfaced to the ARM server. The Doctor is continuously connected to the ARM server using GSM Module and he/she can get a record of a particular patient’s information by just posting a SMS message to the centralized ARM server. This will reduce treatment time, cost and power consumption to a greater extent. At the same time, the efficiency of examining ward will be improved by making the system more real-time and robust

Comparison of the duration of Analgesia, duration of Sensory and Motor Blockade and incidence of side effects of Intrathecal 0.75% Isobaric Ropivacaine with combination of 0.75% Isobaric Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgeries

INTRODUCTION: Effective pain control is essential for care of surgical patients. Adequate post-operative pain relief must be an integral part of administration of anaesthesia. Inadequate post-operative pain relief may result in clinical and psychological changes that may increase the morbidity and mortality as well as the cost of treatment as a whole, in addition to decreasing the quality of life post-operatively. Intrathecal local anaesthetic agent was first used by Bier. After several years of development, the technique and concept of spinal anaesthesia has improved with use of other local anaesthetics like lignocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine. Pure isomeric compounds are now available such as Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine with favourable clinical outcome. Ropivacaine produces shorter duration of motor block than levobupivacaine which is useful in the early mobilization of the patient and hospital discharge. Ropivacaine is a first single enantiomer specific compound, which has a reduced risk of cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and rapid recovery of motor function. Postoperative pain relief is an important issue with Ropivacaine. So, our concern is of using a drug as an adjuvant with Ropivacaine which provides better intraoperative haemodynamic condition as well as prolonged postoperative analgesia with minimal side effects. Regionally applied opioids are effective analgesics used since middle of nineteen’s century when morphine was injected perineurally. The first report on intrathecal opioid anaesthesia was published in 1901 and on epidural morphine in 1979. Besides morphine various other opioids and adjuvants have been introduced to improve the efficacy of neuraxial analgesia, including NMDA antagonists (ketamine, magnesium), GABA agonists (midazolam) and adrenergic agonists (clonidine, adrenaline), COX-inhibitors (ketorolac), Ach-esterase inhibitor (neostigmine) etc. An ideal adjuvant should provide a longer duration of analgesia and better hemodynamic stability. α -2 adrenergic agonists as an intrathecal adjuvant have excellent analgesic and minimal sedative properties. Dexmedetomidine which is a highly selective α-2 adrenergic agonist with eight times greater affinity for receptors than clonidine. The requirements of analgesia are greatly reduced to a large extent by the use of the above mentioned adjuvants because of their unique analgesic properties. They also augment the effects of local anaesthetics by causing hyperpolarisation of nerve cells and alters the transmembrane potential and conduction of ion in the brain stem (Locus Coerulues). These are useful pharmacological agents that reduces the requirements of other analgesics and by providing better hemodynamic stability. With the knowledge of pharmacological properties and drug interactions we designed a prospective randomised controlled study in a double blinded manner at our institution for the patients receiving spinal anaesthesia who underwent lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Our aim was to compare the duration of analgesia, duration of sensory and motor blockade and incidence of side effects of intrathecal 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine with combination of 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine. AIM OF THE STUDY: Comparison of duration of analgesia, duration of sensory and motor blockade and incidence of side effects of intrathecal isobaric 0.75% Ropivacaine and combination of intrathecal isobaric 0.75% Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at Chengalpattu Medical College between 2011-2012 with ethical committee approval from the institution.100 patients were randomly selected based on inclusion criteria and allocated into two equal groups. Study design: A prospective randomized double-blinded study. Sample size: 100 patients were selected and allocated in two groups randomly. Inclusion criteria: 1. ASA I & II, 2. Either sex, 3. 18-60 years for lower limb Orthopaedic surgery. Exclusion criteria: 1. Patient refusal, 2. Patients who had contraindications for spinal anaesthesia, 3. Allergy to local anaesthetics, 4. Cardiac disease, 5. Hypertension. OBSERVATIONS: The following observations were made and datas were collected 1. Heart Rate, Blood pressure, SpO2 every 5 minutes until 1 hour and at every 15 minutes for next one hour and then every 60 minutes for next 22 hours. Hypotension (defined as fall in systolic arterial pressure less than 90mmHg) was managed with inj.Ephedrine 6mg and bradycardia (pulse rate <50 /min) was treated with 0.3mg of inj.Atropine. 2. Time to achieve maximum sensory block in minutes, 3. Time to two segment regression from highest sensory level in Minutes, 4. Duration of motor blockade in minutes, 5. Duration of analgesia in minutes, 6. Highest VAS score, 7. Incidence of side effects. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analysed using INSTAT 3 (Graph Pad Software, California, USA).Two sided independent student' s t tests to analyse continuous data, Fisher's exact test and chi-square test for categorical data were used. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. SUMMARY: This double blinded prospective randomized controlled study was done to evaluate the duration of analgesia, sensory and motor blockade, sedation and adverse effects of dexmedetomidine 5μg with 0.75% isobaric Ropivacaine vs. plain 0.75% isobaric Ropivacaine given intrathecally in patients who underwent lower limb orthopedic surgeries. The following observations were made: 1. The addition of 5ug Dexmedetomidine to 0.75% Ropivacaine significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia. 2. The addition of dexmedetomidine significantly prolonged the time for demand analgesia. 3. The addition of dexmedetomidine intrathecally produced sedation that was arousable for many hours compared to plain ropivacaine group. 4. The incidence of side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia were more in patients who received dexmedetomidine but were able to manage easily with inj.ephedrine and inj.atropine. But shivering was greatly reduced in dexmedetomidine. 5. No episode of respiratory depression was noted in both the study groups which are more common with opioids. CONCLUSION: To conclude 5ug of dexmedetomidine seems to be a better adjuvant to intrathecal isobaric Ropivacaine (0.75%) in increasing the duration of analgesia, prolonging the duration of sensory and motor blockade with minimal side effects

Implementation of Deep CNN Model for the Detection of Plant Leaf Disease

The potato is the most important tuber crop in the world, and it is grown in about 125 different nations. Potato is the crop that is most commonly consumed by a billion people worldwide, virtually every day, behind rice and wheat. However, a number of bacterial and fungal diseases are causing the potato crop's quality and yield to decline. Potato Leaf diseases must be promptly identified and prevented to increase production. Various researchers look for solutions to protect plants instead of&nbsp;&nbsp; traditional processes which take more time. Recent technological developments have thrown up many alternates to traditional methods which are labour intensive. The application of AlexNet model Deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) to recognise diseases in potato plants avoids the disadvantages of selecting disease spot features artificially and makes more objective the plant disease feature extraction. It improves research efficiency and speeds up technology transformation. Accuracies ranging from 85% - to 95% were obtained using AlexNet model Deep

An approach to obtain specific polyclonal antisera to Xanthomonas campestris pv. cyamopsidis and its potential application in indexing of infected seeds of guar

Clusterbean seed health testing is warranted since the pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. cyamopsidis (Xccy)) is seed-borne and seed-transmitted. A polyclonal antibody was developed in rabbit via subcutaneous and intramuscular injections and characterized for sensitivity, specificity and its applicability to ELISA which: (i) was sensitive in detecting as few as 102 cells ml−1 at a titre of 1:4000; (ii) was specific, since it reacted only with Xccy and not with other xanthomonads; (iii) reacted both with Xccy cells and culture filtrate, indicating that the antigenic determinant is a secretory component; (iv) was applicable and reliable in seed health testing since it reacted only with infected seeds and plant materials and not with healthy seeds and (v) a purified fraction of antibody was virulent-specific since heat-denatured and avirulent isolates were not detected. The ELISA thus developed is highly reproducible and therefore suitable for the evaluation of the potential disease status of seeds and plant health, which is appropriate for routine seed health testing

Extramedullary leukemia in children presenting with proptosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We highlight the orbital manifestations of acute myeloid leukemia and the role of peripheral blood smear in the diagnosis of these cases. A total of 12 patients who presented with proptosis and were subsequently diagnosed to have acute myeloid leukemia based on incision biopsy or peripheral blood smear were included in the study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A retrospective review of all cases of acute myeloid leukemia presenting to the Orbital clinic was performed. The age at presentation, gender, presenting features, duration of symptoms and fundus features were noted. In addition the temporal relationship of the orbital disease to the diagnosis of leukemia, laterality, location of the orbital mass, imaging features and the diagnostic tools used to diagnose leukemia were noted. The median age at presentation was 6 years. The male: female ratio was 0.7:1. None of these patients had been diagnosed earlier as having acute myeloid leukemia. The presenting features included proptosis in all patients, orbital mass in 5 (41.7%), visual symptoms in 2 (16.7%) and subconjunctival hemorrhage in one patient (8.3%). A diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was established by incision biopsy in 4 patients, subsequently confirmed by peripheral blood smear testing and bone marrow biopsy in 2 patients which revealed the presence of systemic involvement. Imprint smears of the biopsy identified blasts in 2 of 4 cases. In 8 patients presenting with ocular manifestations, diagnosis was established by peripheral blood smear examination alone which revealed a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A peripheral blood smear should be performed in all cases of sudden onset proptosis or an orbital mass in children and young adults along with an orbital biopsy. It can always be complemented with a bone marrow biopsy especially in cases of aleukemic leukemia or when the blood smear is inconclusive.</p

Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to live human cells: Activity and cytotoxicity of synthetic mannosides

AbstractBacterial adhesion to glycosylated surfaces is a key issue in human health and disease. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion by suitable carbohydrates could lead to an anti-adhesion therapy as a novel approach against bacterial infections. A selection of five α-mannosides has been evaluated as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion to the polysaccharide mannan, as well as to the surface of live human HT-29 cells. Cell toxicity studies were performed to identify the therapeutic window for a potential in vivo-application of the tested carbohydrates. A previously published mannosidic squaric acid diamide was shown to be exceptionally effective as inhibitor of the bacterial lectin FimH

ISS Has an Attitude! Determining ISS Attitude at the ISS Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) Using Landmarks

Universities and secondary schools can help solve a real issue for remote sensing from the ISS WORF through hands-on engineering and activities. Remote sensing technology is providing scientists with higher resolution, higher sensitivity sensors. Where is it pointing? - To take full advantage of these improved sensors, space platforms must provide commensurate improvements in attitude determinatio

Evaluation and Comparison of Utility Consumption for the Sustainable and Normal building

ABSTRACT Sustainable building (Green building) refers the using of processes that are environmentally friendly and resource efficient from design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition. The scope of this paper is to protect the environment by minimizing the use of non renewable construction materials and resources through efficient engineering design, planning and construction. This paper explains the need to select for modifying the design of construction and services to suit Leadership in Energy &amp; Environmental Design (LEED) requirements. Green Building Concept was to save maximum energy and protect our environment leads to sustainability. Compare to normal building the utilities (water and power) requirement for sustainable building was more efficient than normal building

Single-pulse chemical shock tube for ignition delay measurements

We describe a single-pulse chemical shock tube CST2 established for measuring the reaction rate of chemical reactions and ignition delay for fuels at high temperature along with the procedure for its calibration. The suitability of the facility for measuring the ignition delay is demonstrated by measuring the ignition delay for the ethane-oxygen gas mixture in the temperature range 1250-1611 K by recording the ignition-induced pressure jump and emission from CH radical simultaneously. The results obtained in the present study compare well with the earlier reported values