A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In recent years, the maturation of microarray technology has allowed the genome-wide analysis of gene expression patterns to identify tissue-specific and ubiquitously expressed ('housekeeping') genes. We have performed a functional and topological analysis of housekeeping and tissue-specific networks to identify universally necessary biological processes, and those unique to or characteristic of particular tissues.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We measured whole genome expression in 31 human tissues, identifying 2374 housekeeping genes expressed in all tissues, and genes uniquely expressed in each tissue. Comprehensive functional analysis showed that the housekeeping set is substantially larger than previously thought, and is enriched with vital processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, translation and energy metabolism. Network topology of the housekeeping network was characterized by higher connectivity and shorter paths between the proteins than the global network. Ontology enrichment scoring and network topology of tissue-specific genes were consistent with each tissue's function and expression patterns clustered together in accordance with tissue origin. Tissue-specific genes were twice as likely as housekeeping genes to be drug targets, allowing the identification of tissue 'signature networks' that will facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers of tissue-targeted diseases.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A comprehensive functional analysis of housekeeping and tissue-specific genes showed that the biological function of housekeeping and tissue-specific genes was consistent with tissue origin. Network analysis revealed that tissue-specific networks have distinct network properties related to each tissue's function. Tissue 'signature networks' promise to be a rich source of targets and biomarkers for disease treatment and diagnosis.</p

Central Asia in the US Strategy: Semantic Analysis

The article discusses the US strategy in Central Asia on the basis of an extremely accepted document. The method of semantic text analysis will be applied. An attempt is made to compare the lexical analysis and the context of the strategy with the real US policy in Central Asia. The mechanism of semantic analysis is described. The main problem of the research is the processing and interpretation of mathematical data. They reflect the results of semantic analysis of the strategy text.  The foreign policy strategy contains the official plans of the state in relation to the region.  The main part and the rationale for the application of the strategy in the region are analyzed. It describes the main interests of the United States in Central Asia, projects and vision of joint cooperation. The goals and objectives adopted in the document for the near future are determined. Their implementation depends on the activity of the United States and the desire of regional partners to cooperate. Special emphasis is placed on the security of the region and the situation in Afghanistan. During the transformation of the political system, it is important to determine the algorithm of cooperation between Central Asia and the United States. The results of semantic analysis allow the use of information mathematical data and their interpretation in the analysis of the main provisions of the strategy. The conclusions can be useful when comparing with the ongoing events of real politics in the region. Keywords: US strategy, Central Asia region, semantic analysis, goals, security, Afghanistan