A study on the toxicity of cadmium on certain aspects of protein metabolism of the freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) and freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

ABSTRACT The activities of alanine and aspertate aminotransferases (AlAT and AAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the levels of glutamine are estimated in the organs of mussel and fish exposed to subacute concentration of cadmium (0.7 mg/l) and controls. The AlAT, AAT and GDH activities and glutamine level increased relative to controls in ctenidium, mantle, hepatopancreas and foot of mussel in the order: day 10 > 20 > 30. Whereas in gill, kidney, liver and muscle of fish the activities of AlAT and AAT increased at day 10 and 20 (day 10 > 20) with a decrease at day 30. GDH activity and glutamine levels, however, increased at all the days in the order day 10 > 20 < 30. Increased transamination was observed in the organs of mussel on initial days of exposure, but they reached to normal at day 30. In fish even though an initial increase trans-deamination was observed at day 10, it tried to recover at day 20 but failed to attain recovery on further exposure. Among the organs the degree in all the changes of protein metabolism was more or less insignificant and inconsistent, but in general it was in the order hepatopancreas > ctenidium > foot > mantle in mussel and kidney > liver > gill > muscle in fish. The results indicated that in sublethal cadmium stress the mussel gradually attained normal protein metabolic activity on prolonged exposure to 30 days but the fish could sustain upto day 20 later it became susceptible as indicated by more suppressive changes at day 30

Influence of Fibre Parameters on the Migration and Blend Characteristics of Rotor Spun Yarns

40-41<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">The influence of fibre length, fibre denier and fibre type on the migration and blend characteristics of rotor spun yarns has been studied. It is observed that differences in fibre length, fibre denier and fibre type do not affect the blending potential of the rotor spinning machine. The long fibres in a length difference blend and the coarse fibres in a denier difference blend showed tendency to concentrate at the surface of the yarn. However, no significant segregating tendency of the above constituents was observed when the length and denier differences in the respective blends were small. In a polyester/viscose blend, polyester fibre showed inward migration.</span

Influence of Process and Machine Variables on the Blend Characteristics of Rotor Spun Yarns

37-39<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">The influence of process and machine variables on various parameters of blending has been investigated. It has been observed that the mixing stage has very little influence on the blend characteristics of rotor spun yarns. The results also indicate that preblending cannot be used as a substitute for rotor doublings. In terms of fibre dispersion and arrangement of fibres in the yarn cross-section, beater feed machine gives better results compared to the roller feed machine.</span

13.MDI

Abstract: In order to evaluate the impact of copper on the energetics of a fish, the levels of glucose, glycogen, pyruvate and lactate, the rate of tissue oxygen consumption and the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were estimated in the whole body of the fry of Cyprinus carpio immediately after 1, 7 , 15 and 30 days on exposure to a sublethal concentration of copper 0.08 mgl -1 at pH 7.5 (normal), 6.0 (weak acidic) and 9.0 (weak alkaline). A progressive increase in glucose level and glycogen phosphorylase activity with the corresponding decrease in glycogen level over the time of exposure at pH 7.5 indicated glycogenolysis. Increase in the rate of oxygen consumption, pyruvate level and ICDH and SDH activities at days 1 and 7 (day 1&gt;7) followed by their decrease at days 15 and 30 (day 15&lt;30) at pH 7.5 indicated an initial elevation in the energetics of the fish fry with a gradual suppression of it on prolonged exposure. During this period the animal might have relied more on energetically less efficient glycolysis as evident by the progressive increase in the level of lactate and LDH activity. The degree of glycogenolysis was relatively more at pH 6.5 than at pH 7.5. At that pH, a progressive decrease in glucose level with an increase in the pyruvate and lactate levels and in LDH activity and a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption and ICDH and SDH activities revealed greater reliance of the fish on anaerobic glycolysis than on oxidative metabolism. At pH 9.0 also the fish fry initially exhibited glycogenolysis, but gradually it came to normal on day 30 (day 1&gt;7&gt;15&gt;30). Decrease in the glucose level, increase in pyruvate level, rate of oxygen consumption, and ICDH and SDH activities at all the days of exposure suggested an elevation in oxidative metabolism, but it also came to normal on prolonged exposure. Even the lactate level and LDH activity initially increased but gradually reached to normal on day 30. These results indicated that copper suppresses the energetics of the fish fry at pH 6.0, elevates at pH 9.0 relative to the changes at pH 7.5 suggesting that the toxicity of copper is dependent on pH of the water