Методические аспекты выделения семантических отношений для автоматической генерации специализированных тезаурусов и их оценки

The paper is devoted to analysis of methods for automatic generation of a specialized thesaurus. The main algorithm of generation consists of three stages: selection and preprocessing of a text corpus, recognition of thesaurus terms, and extraction of relations among terms. Our work is focused on exploring methods for semantic relation extraction. We developed a test bench that allow to test well-known algorithms for extraction of synonyms and hypernyms. These algorithms are based on different relation extraction techniques: lexico-syntactic patterns, morpho-syntactic rules, measurement of term information quantity, general-purpose thesaurus WordNet, and Levenstein distance. For analysis of the result thesaurus we proposed a complex assessment that includes the following metrics: precision of extracted terms, precision and recall of hierarchical and synonym relations, and characteristics of the thesaurus graph (the number of extracted terms and semantic relationships of different types, the number of connected components, and the number of vertices in the largest component). The proposed set of metrics allows to evaluate the quality of the thesaurus as a whole, reveal some drawbacks of standard relation extraction methods, and create more efficient hybrid methods that can generate thesauri with better characteristics than thesauri generated by using separate methods. In order to illustrate this fact, one of such hybrid methods is considered in the paper. It combines the best standard algorithms for hypernym and synonym extraction and generates a specialized medical thesaurus. The hybrid method leaves the thesaurus quality on the same level and finds more relations between terms than well-known algorithms.Работа посвящена анализу методов автоматической генерации специализированного тезауруса. Основной алгоритм генерации состоит из трех шагов: отбор и предварительная обработка корпуса текстов, формирование множества терминов для включения в тезаурус и выделение связей между терминами тезауруса. Данное исследование сфокусировано на изучении методов выделения семантических связей, для чего авторами был разработан программный стенд, который позволяет протестировать распространенные алгоритмы выделения гиперонимов и синонимов, использующие в своей работе лексико-синтаксические шаблоны, морфо-синтаксические правила, количество информации терминов, тезаурус общего назначения WordNet и расстояние Левенштейна. Для анализа результирующего тезауруса, созданного на стенде, авторами была разработана комплексная оценка, содержащая следующие характеристики качества: точность выделения терминов, точность и полнота выделения синонимических и гиперонимических связей, а также метрики графа тезауруса (количество выделенных терминов, количество семантических связей различных типов, число компонент связности и число вершин в наибольшей компоненте). Предлагаемый набор метрик позволяет оценить качество тезауруса в целом, выявить отдельные недостатки стандартных методов выделения связей и построить более эффективные гибридные методы, генерирующие тезаурус с лучшими характеристиками по сравнению с тезаурусами, генерируемыми при использовании отдельных методов. Для иллюстрации данного факта в статье рассмотрен один из таких гибридных методов. Он комбинирует лучшие стандартные алгоритмы построения гиперонимических и синонимических связей и строит специализированный тезаурус в области медицины с тем же уровнем качества, что и другие методы, но с большим количеством связей между терминами

In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Horse Cloned Embryos Generated with iPSCs, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fetal or Adult Fibroblasts as Nuclear Donors

The demand for equine cloning as a tool to preserve high genetic value is growing worldwide; however, nuclear transfer efficiency is still very low. To address this issue, we first evaluated the effects of time from cell fusion to activation (<1h, n = 1261; 1-2h, n = 1773; 2-3h, n = 1647) on in vitro and in vivo development of equine embryos generated by cloning. Then, we evaluated the effects of using different nuclear donor cell types in two successive experiments: I) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) vs. adult fibroblasts (AF) fused to ooplasts injected with the pluripotency-inducing genes OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4, vs. AF alone as controls; II) umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) vs. fetal fibroblasts derived from an unborn cloned foetus (FF) vs. AF from the original individual. In the first experiment, both blastocyst production and pregnancy rates were higher in the 2-3h group (11.5% and 9.5%, respectively), respect to <1h (5.2% and 2%, respectively) and 1-2h (5.6% and 4.7%, respectively) groups (P<0.05). However, percentages of born foals/pregnancies were similar when intervals of 2-3h (35.2%) or 1-2h (35.7%) were used. In contrast to AF, the iPSCs did not generate any blastocyst-stage embryos. Moreover, injection of oocytes with the pluripotency-inducing genes did not improve blastocyst production nor pregnancy rates respect to AF controls. Finally, higher blastocyst production was obtained using UC-MSC (15.6%) than using FF (8.9%) or AF (9.3%), (P<0.05). Despite pregnancy rates were similar for these 3 groups (17.6%, 18.2% and 22%, respectively), viable foals (two) were obtained only by using FF. In summary, optimum blastocyst production rates can be obtained using a 2-3h interval between cell fusion and activation as well as using UC-MSCs as nuclear donors. Moreover, FF line can improve the efficiency of an inefficient AF line. Overall, 24 healthy foals were obtained from a total of 29 born foals

Methodolo- gical Aspects of Semantic Relationship Extraction for Automatic Thesaurus Generation

The paper is devoted to analysis of methods for automatic generation of a specialized thesaurus. The main algorithm of generation consists of three stages: selection and preprocessing of a text corpus, recognition of thesaurus terms, and extraction of relations among terms. Our work is focused on exploring methods for semantic relation extraction. We developed a test bench that allow to test well-known algorithms for extraction of synonyms and hypernyms. These algorithms are based on different relation extraction techniques: lexico-syntactic patterns, morpho-syntactic rules, measurement of term information quantity, general-purpose thesaurus WordNet, and Levenstein distance. For analysis of the result thesaurus we proposed a complex assessment that includes the following metrics: precision of extracted terms, precision and recall of hierarchical and synonym relations, and characteristics of the thesaurus graph (the number of extracted terms and semantic relationships of different types, the number of connected components, and the number of vertices in the largest component). The proposed set of metrics allows to evaluate the quality of the thesaurus as a whole, reveal some drawbacks of standard relation extraction methods, and create more efficient hybrid methods that can generate thesauri with better characteristics than thesauri generated by using separate methods. In order to illustrate this fact, one of such hybrid methods is considered in the paper. It combines the best standard algorithms for hypernym and synonym extraction and generates a specialized medical thesaurus. The hybrid method leaves the thesaurus quality on the same level and finds more relations between terms than well-known algorithms

The Arctic - A New Region for China's Foreign Policy

Article is devoted to foreign policy of China in the Arctic. Main attention is paid to strategic view of the China concerning the Arctic, to bilateral and multilateral cooperation on the Arctic issues, also to opinion of Russian experts about discussing of Russian-China economic partnership. It was shown interests of the People's Republic of China in the Arctic: use Arctic transport system from the Pacific Rim to Europe; possibility of access to the Arctic resources; seeks of partners for the realized of Arctic projects and programs. It was pointed six directions of China cooperation in the Arctic: a) scientific researches, b) natural minerals, oil and gas issues, c) tourism, d) routes of the Arctic navigation, e) use of high technologies in development of regional economy, e) cooperation in the cultural and educational spheres. Authors are summarized that at the initial stage of the international cooperation in the Arctic polar scientific researches become as the tool of “he soft power”, and in the long term - the Northern Sea Route of the Russian Federation is included in the Strategy of China Economic belt and the Maritime Silk Route in the XXI century

Experience of application of specialized food product of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition in case of inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal tract

Introduction. In almost all diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the inflammatory process plays an important pathogenetic role and affects the course of the disease and the determination of treatment tactics. The most physiological way to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, of course, is dietary nutrition.Purpose: To study the anti- inflammatory effect of a specialized product specialized therapeutic and dietary prophylaxis nutrition «Vegetable soup with oatmeal herbs» based on a study of clinical and laboratory parameters and dynamics of inflammatory markers.Materials and methods. An open single-center prospective observational study was conducted in parallel groups. The main group and the comparison group were 14 and 10 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, respectively. Only patients of the main group received a specialized product «Vegetable Soup with herbs and oatmeal». All participants were assessed the dynamics of clinical blood analysis indicators (hemoglobin, white blood cells, red blood cells, leukocyte formula indicators) and the dynamics of proteinogram indicators (total protein and protein fractions-albumins and globulins) and C-reactive protein (CRP).Results. The anti-inflammatory effect after administration of the specialized product occurs in 14 days and is expressed in a reliable reduction of leukocytosis, blood sedimentation rate (BSR), CRP. After 2 months after the start of the product intake, the BSR values decreased significantly by 35%, the CRP by 51% from the baseline and the leukocyte content decreased by 14.5%. Against the background of a dietotherapy in 14 days levels α1-глобулина, α2-глобулина and γ-globulin began to decrease, and in 2 months level a1-globulins decreased by 40% of initial level to the reference values. The level of α2-globulins and γ-globulin also decreased significantly, while the albumin concentration in the blood increased significantly. In the comparison group, changes in these parameters did not reach a reliable degree of significance.Conclusions: the specialized product «Vegetable Soup with herbs and oatmeal» has an anti-inflammatory effect, characterized by a decrease in anti-inflammatory laboratory parameters, which manifests itself after 14 days of administration, can be recommended for inclusion in the diets of patients with gastrointestinal diseases during exacerbation and during remissions as well

Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on the Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center Study

Recent studies showed that a low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level was associated with a higher risk of morbidity and severe course of COVID-19. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on the clinical features and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19. A serum 25(OH)D level was determined in 311 COVID-19 patients. Among them, 129 patients were then randomized into two groups with similar concomitant medication. Group I (n = 56) received a bolus of cholecalciferol at a dose of 50,000 IU on the first and the eighth days of hospitalization. Patients from Group II (n = 54) did not receive the supplementation. We found significant differences between groups with the preferential increase in serum 25(OH)D level and Δ 25(OH)D in Group I on the ninth day of hospitalization (p p = 0.006); we did not observe other clinical benefits in patients receiving an oral bolus of cholecalciferol. Moreover, in Group I, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher (p = 0.04; p = 0.02), while the C-reactive protein level was significantly lower on the ninth day of hospitalization (p = 0.02). Patients with supplementation of 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol, compared to those without supplementation, showed a decrease in the frequencies of CD38++CD27 transitional and CD27−CD38+ mature naive B cells (p = 0.006 and p = 0.02) and an increase in the level of CD27−CD38− DN B cells (p = 0.02). Thus, the rise in serum 25(OH)D level caused by vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D insufficient and deficient patients may positively affect immune status and hence the course of COVID-19