4 research outputs found

    The experimental set-up.

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    <p>In (A) the three different arm movement amplitudes are illustrated with the solid arm showing the start position of all movements and the three dashed arms representing the three different end positions. In (B) and (C), the marker positions used are shown and in (C) also the reactive torque (α) on the trunk around the centre of rotation and the linear forces in the antereo-posterior (F<sub>x</sub>) and caudo-cranial (F<sub>z</sub>) directions during the deceleration of an arm movement is illustrated.</p

    The relationship between EMG amplitude and angular impulse.

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    <p>The relationship between the mean EMG amplitude in % of that at maximum voluntary contraction (95% CI) for the four muscles investigated and the mean absolute angular impulse in Nms (95% CI) for each muscle, arm movement amplitude (small, medium and large) and phase (acceleration and deceleration).</p

    Bilateral mean onset latencies in ms (95% CI) for the four trunk muscles at the initiation of bilateral shoulder flexion for the three movement amplitudes.

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    <p>The dashed line indicates the mean onset of left and right deltoid. * Indicates a significant difference within muscles between arm movement amplitudes</p

    Recordings from one subject.

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    <p>Mean angular velocity and acceleration of shoulder flexion, mean reactive torque on the trunk at shoulder height, and mean normalized EMG in % of that at maximum voluntary contraction of the four different trunk muscles for three repetitions of a medium sized arm movement. The dashed line indicates mean onset of deltoid EMG and the shaded areas illustrate the two intervals of EMG amplitude measurements. The solid vertical lines indicate: 1 = start of acceleration of shoulder flexion, 2 = start of deceleration of shoulder flexion and 3 = end of shoulder flexion. Note the two peaks of activation in TrA corresponding to both acceleration and deceleration of the arm movement.</p
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