5,457 research outputs found
Inclusion of non-spherical components of the Pauli blocking operator in (p,p') reactions
We present the first calculations of proton elastic and inelastic scattering
in which the Pauli blocking operator contains the leading non-spherical
components as well as the usual spherical (angle-averaged) part. We develop a
formalism for including the contributions to the effective nucleon-nucleon
interaction from the resulting new G-matrix elements that extend the usual
two-nucleon spin structure and may not conserve angular momentum. We explore
the consequences of parity conservation, time reversal invariance, and
nucleon-nucleon antisymmetrization for the new effective interaction. Changes
to the calculated cross section and spin observables are small in the energy
range from 100 to 200 MeV.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Physical Review
A Shell of Thermal X-ray Emission Associated with the Young Crab-like Remnant 3C58
Deep X-ray imaging spectroscopy of the bright pulsar wind nebula 3C58
confirms the existence of an embedded thermal X-ray shell surrounding the
pulsar PSR J0205+6449. Radially resolved spectra obtained with the XMM-Newton
telescope are well-characterized by a power-law model with the addition of a
soft thermal emission component in varying proportions. These fits reproduce
the well-studied increase in the spectral index with radius attributed to
synchrotron burn-off of high energy electrons. Most interestingly, a radially
resolved thermal component is shown to map out a shell-like structure ~6' in
diameter. The presence of a strong emission line corresponding to the Ne IX
He-like transition requires an overabundance of ~3 x [Ne/Ne(sun)] in the
Raymond-Smith plasma model. The best-fit temperature kT ~ 0.23 keV is
essentially independent of radius for the derived column density of N_H = (4.2
+/- 0.1)E21 per cm squared. Our result suggests that thermal shells can be
obscured in the early evolution of a supernova remnant by non-thermal pulsar
wind nebulae emission; the luminosity of the 3C58 shell is more than an order
of magnitude below the upper limit on a similar shell in the Crab Nebula. We
find the shell centroid to be offset from the pulsar location. If this neutron
star has a velocity similar to that of the Crab pulsar, we derive an age of
3700 yr and a velocity vector aligned with the long axis of the PWN. The shell
parameters and pulsar offset add to the accumulating evidence that 3C58 is not
the remnant of the supernova of CE 1181.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, Latex emulateapj style. To appear in
the Astrophysical Journa
Frustrated quantum Heisenberg ferrimagnetic chains
We study the ground-state properties of weakly frustrated Heisenberg
ferrimagnetic chains with nearest and next-nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic
exchange interactions and two types of alternating sublattice spins S_1 > S_2,
using 1/S spin-wave expansions, density-matrix renormalization group, and
exact- diagonalization techniques. It is argued that the zero-point spin
fluctuations completely destroy the classical commensurate- incommensurate
continuous transition. Instead, the long-range ferrimagnetic state disappears
through a discontinuous transition to a singlet state at a larger value of the
frustration parameter. In the ferrimagnetic phase we find a disorder point
marking the onset of incommensurate real-space short-range spin-spin
correlations.Comment: 16 pages (LaTex 2.09), 6 eps figure
Measurements of relative angular distributions for the 2H(Îł,n)H reaction below 18 MeV
High-accuracy angular distribution measurements relative to that at 90° were performed for the 2(γ,n)H reaction throughout the energy range of 4–18 MeV and for reaction angles of 45°, 135°, and 155°. The results indicate a significant departure from existing theoretical calculations below a photon energy of 10 MeV
European Street Gangs and Urban Violence
This chapter provides readers with an insight into gang-related violence, and responses to gang-related violence, across a number of major European cities. To this end, it brings together city-specific sections written by subject experts who have resided and conducted research in four European countries: the UK, Belgium, Russia and Sweden. Each section of the chapter follows a similar structure: first, we provide contextual information about gangs in each city; second, we discuss data on gang member demographics; third, we consider the nature and scale of gang-related urban violence; and fourth, we outline some of the main policy responses, including public health approaches, intended to reduce gang violence. By providing an in-depth examination of the selected cities, the chapter provides some indication of the diversity of gangs and gang-related violence across Europe, while also indicating important areas of convergence. In addition, it performs the useful function of flagging areas where evidence is currently lacking and in need of better data-recording practices and further research
Commensurate and incommensurate correlations in Haldane gap antiferromagnets
We analyze the onset of incommensurabilities around the VBS point of the S=1
bilinear-biquadratic model. We propose a simple effective field theory which is
capable of reproducing all known properties of the commensurate-incommensurate
transition at the disorder point . Moreover, the theory
predicts another special point , distinct from the VBS
point, where the Haldane gap behaves singularly. The ground state energy
density is an analytic function of the model parameters everywhere, thus we do
not have phase transitions in the conventional sense.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, to appear in PR
Evidence of a Curved Synchrotron Spectrum in the Supernova Remnant SN 1006
A joint spectral analysis of some Chandra ACIS X-ray data and Molonglo
Observatory Synthesis Telescope radio data was performed for 13 small regions
along the bright northeastern rim of the supernova remnant SN 1006. These data
were fitted with a synchrotron radiation model. The nonthermal electron
spectrum used to compute the photon emission spectra is the traditional
exponentially cut off power law, with one notable difference: The power-law
index is not a constant. It is a linear function of the logarithm of the
momentum. This functional form enables us to show, for the first time, that the
synchrotron spectrum of SN 1006 seems to flatten with increasing energy. The
effective power-law index of the electron spectrum is 2.2 at 1 GeV (i.e., radio
synchrotron-emitting momenta) and 2.0 at about 10 TeV (i.e., X-ray
synchrotron-emitting momenta). This amount of change in the index is
qualitatively consistent with theoretical models of the amount of curvature in
the proton spectrum of the remnant. The evidence of spectral curvature implies
that cosmic rays are dynamically important instead of being "test" particles.
The spectral analysis also provides a means of determining the critical
frequency of the synchrotron spectrum associated with the highest-energy
electrons. The critical frequency seems to vary along the northeastern rim,
with a maximum value of 1.1e17 (0.6e17 - 2.1e17) Hz. This value implies that
the electron diffusion coefficient can be no larger than a factor of ~4.5-21
times the Bohm diffusion coefficient if the velocity of the forward shock is in
the range 2300-5000 km/s. Since the coefficient is close to the Bohm limit,
electrons are accelerated nearly as fast as possible in the regions where the
critical frequency is about 1.0e17 Hz.Comment: 41 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Ap
Comparison between chiral and meson-theoretic nucleon-nucleon potentials through (p,p') reactions
We use proton-nucleus reaction data at intermediate energies to test the
emerging new generation of chiral nucleon-nucleon (NN) potentials. Predictions
from a high quality one-boson-exchange (OBE) force are used for comparison and
evaluation. Both the chiral and OBE models fit NN phase shifts accurately, and
the differences between the two forces for proton-induced reactions are small.
A comparison to a chiral model with a less accurate NN description sets the
scale for the ability of such models to work for nuclear reactions.Comment: 6 pages, revtex, 4 eps-figure
Uncertainty-principle noise in vacuum-tunneling transducers
The fundamental sources of noise in a vacuum-tunneling probe used as an
electromechanical transducer to monitor the location of a test mass are
examined using a first-quantization formalism. We show that a tunneling
transducer enforces the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the position and
momentum of a test mass monitored by the transducer through the presence of two
sources of noise: the shot noise of the tunneling current and the momentum
fluctuations transferred by the tunneling electrons to the test mass. We
analyze a number of cases including symmetric and asymmetric rectangular
potential barriers and a barrier in which there is a constant electric field.
Practical configurations for reaching the quantum limit in measurements of the
position of macroscopic bodies with such a class of transducers are studied
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