Etiology and endoscopic profile of dysphagia in adults - Single center study at a tertiary care center in South India.

Background: Dysphagia is defined as difficulty in deglutition. It can be either structural or motility abnormality in the passage of food from the oral cavity to the stomach. Upper GI endoscopy is the most important tool to diagnose dysphagia and rule out premalignant and malignant lesions. The purpose of the study was to classify various causes of dysphagia. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 206 patients with complaints of dysphagia. Detailed history, physical examination was done. Upper GI endoscopy was done in all cases, and biopsies were taken if required. Oropharyngeal and neurological dysphagia were excluded from the study. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. The mean, percentage and proportions were calculated. Results: Two hundred and six patients were included in the study. Out of 206 patients, 127 were females, and 79 were males. The mean age was 43.62 years. The commonest age group was 21- 40 years contributing 41.7% cases, followed by 41-60 years contributing to 30.8% cases. Benign etiology (n= 141) was more common than that of malignant (n= 65). The commonest benign etiology was reflux esophagitis (n =54) followed by esophageal candidiasis (n= 38). The commonest malignant etiology was adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (n= 38), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (n= 24). Conclusions: The upper GI endoscopy is effective and safe modality to diagnose dysphagia. Benign etiologies were more common among females, but malignant causes were more common among males. The incidence of esophageal malignancy increases with advanced age

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF INDOMETHACIN EXTENDED RELEASE PELLETS

Objective: The present investigation was to design pellets loaded with Indomethacin for extended release. Indomethacin is a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for reduction of pain and inflammation. To improve the bioavailability indomethacin was prepared by fluidised bed coating tablet technology. Methods: Indomethacin pellets were prepared using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose as a polymer in different concentration. Pellets were evaluated for physico - chemical properties such as hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation, drug content uniformity and capsule lock length. In vitro drug release studies were carried out USP rotating basket type I method and the samples were analyzed at 319nm by UV spectrophotometer. Results: FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction betweeen drug and polymers used in the study. The drug release from F5 formulation was found to zero order kinetic model. It was also found linear in higuchi plot which confirms that diffusion is one of the mechanism of drug release. Conclusion: Among these formulations, Formulation (F5) containing Ethyl cellulose (4cps) 5mg & HPC 20 mg and extended release coating upto 7% showed optimized release pattern.The optimized formulation (F5) releases the drug upto 24hrs and fulfilled the requirements such as cost effective and high patient compliance

(Benzyl­amine)chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) dichloride hemihydrate

In the title compound, [CoCl(C2H8N2)2(C7H9N)]Cl2·0.5H2O, there are two crystallographically independent cations and anions and one water mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. Both CoIII ions are bonded to two chelating ethylenediamine ligands, one benzylamine molecule and one chloride ion. The crystal packing is through N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl inter­actions

Chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)(4-methyl­aniline)cobalt(III) dichloride monohydrate

In the title compound, [CoCl(C2H8N2)2(C7H9N)]Cl2·H2O, the CoIII ion has a distorted octa­hedral coordination environment and is surrounded by four N atoms in an equatorial plane, with the other N and Cl atoms occupying the axial positions. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl inter­actions

(Acetoxy)(2-methylphenyl)methyl acetate

In the title compound, C12H14O4, the two acet­oxy groups are inclined by 57.92 (5)° and 62.71 (6)° to the benzene ring. An inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action involving the two acet­oxy groups generates a centrosymmetric dimer via an R 2 2(16) ring motif

4-[(E)-(4-Diethyl­amino-2-hy­droxy­benzyl­idene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one

In the title compound, C22H26N4O2, the phenyl ring and hy­droxy­benzene group are twisted with respect to the central pyrazolone ring, making dihedral angles of 54.05 (5) and 21.80 (6)°, respectively. One of the ethyl groups is disordered over two positions with site occupancies of 0.872 (6) and 0.128 (6). The mol­ecular structure features short intra­molecular O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O contacts. The crystal packing exhibits weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions

2,4-Diiodo-6-{[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]iminomethyl}phenol

In the title compound, C17H16I2N2O2, the two aromatic rings are almost coplanar [dihedral angle 2.57 (15)°]. The morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond and the crystal packing exhibits weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and π–π [centroid-to-centroid distances 3.663 (3)-4.073 (3) Å] inter­actions

More than nail deep: The effect of efinaconazole 10% treatment on the quality of life in patients with onychomycosis: A post hoc study

Introduction: Onychomycosis is a common, difficult-to-treat fungal nail infection. Clinical signs include nail discoloration and thickening, which patients often find embarrassing, causing a negative impact on their quality of life (QOL). Methods: In this post hoc study, we analyze the effect of efinaconazole 10% solution on a patient\u27s QOL using patient-reported scores from the OnyCOE-t™ questionnaire (appearance, stigma, physical problems, symptom frequency, symptom bothersomeness, treatment satisfaction, and overall problem). Higher scores corresponded to better functioning, thus higher QOL. Results: Efinaconazole 10% treatment and clinical efficacy were positively correlated with improved QOL in all domains for all groups, except with symptom bothersomeness (how much the onychomycosis symptoms worried or concerned the patient) for female patients \u3c40 years. While still showing improvement in most domains during efficacious treatment, female and younger patients reported lower QOL scores than their male and older counterparts, despite having better clinical outcomes at follow-ups. Discussion: Female and younger patients appear to be more emotionally bothered by their symptoms, regardless of treatment success or improvement of their nail\u27s appearance, suggesting that onychomycosis is more than nail deep and has a greater psychological effect on these patients. Therefore, younger female patients may require more assurance and mental support

5-Meth­oxy-2-{[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phen­yl]imino­meth­yl}phenol

In the title compound, C18H20N2O3, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 33.66 (6)°. The morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions