THERMO GRAVIMETRY-DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING COLORIMETRY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY-A REVIEW

Thermogravimetric analysis is an analytical technique used to determine a material's thermal stability and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring the weight change that occurs as a sample is heated at a constant rate. Differential scanning colorimetry analysis is used to measure melting temperature, the heat of fusion, latent heat of melting, reaction energy etc. Mass spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool with many applications in pharmaceuticals and biomedical fields. The increase in sensitivity and resolution of the instrument as opened new dimensions in analysis of pharmaceuticals and complex metabolites of biological systems. Thermo gravimetry coupled with differential scanning colorimetry and Quadra pole mass spectrometry was applied to monitor the thermal stability and chemical properties of natural polymers isolated from chemically different soils. The TGA/DSC, when coupled with MS generic multiple ions from the sample under investigation, it then separates them according to a specific mass-to-charge ratio. The coupled instrument is used for simultaneous identification of organic compounds, used to evaluate the physical properties, degradation stability of powder coating

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF BOSENTAN IN SPIKED HUMAN PLASMA

Objective: The aim of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, efficient, economical and accurate UV-visible spectrophotometric method for estimation of bosentan in spiked human plasma. Methods: The analyte was extracted by Liquid-liquid Extraction (LLE) procedure using acetonitrile and chloroform. Absorbance of the analyte in the extract was measured at 270 nm using ethanol as a diluent. The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy and robustness. Results: The proposed method was found to be linear in the range of 6 to 18 mg/ml. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.99. The results revealed that the linearity, accuracy and robustness of the developed method were within the acceptable range. Conclusion: The analytical technique presented here demonstrates shorter and easier sample preparation method, decreased analysis time and reduces the need for complicated or expensive equipment. The sample preparation method used in this study can also be further extended to higherend analytical techniques and other biological samples for quantification of bosentan

NOVEL UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF CAFFEINE IN MARKETED ENERGY DRINKS

Objective: This study is performed to quantitatively estimate caffeine in marketed energy drinks by using UV-Visible spectroscopic method. Methods: This experiment was performed on various soft drinks and energy drinks available in the local market of India to determine the caffeine concentration. The quantitative method used was simple, easy UV-Visible spectrophotometric method by using carbon dichloromethane as diluent at 274 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the amount of discrete wavelengths of UV or visible light that are absorbed by or transmitted through a sample in comparison to a reference or blank sample. Results: Among all the samples i.e. soft or energy drinks taken for this experiment sample 1 has low concentration of caffeine and the highest concentration was observed in sample 3. Conclusion: Caffeine in an energy drink provides a stimulant effect, it gives energy. At lower levels, as it’s typically used in soft drinks, it has less of a stimulant effect and is used mainly for its taste profile. However the concentration of caffeine should be within the limits specified. Excessive consumption of caffeine may lead to anxiety, caffeine dependence, increased urination, and may cause insomnia. Energy drinks can contain high levels of caffeine but are unlikely to be hazardous unless consumed with alcohol. This research is very important analytical process to safeguard the well being of people who are unaware to adverse effects of caffeine

Ultrafast electron diffraction from transiently aligned asymmetric top molecules: Rotational dynamics and structure retrieval

Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) from aligned molecules in the gas phase has successfully retrieved structures of both linear and symmetric top molecules. Alignment of asymmetric tops has been recorded with UED but no structural information was retrieved. We present here the extraction of two-dimensional structural information from simple transformations of experimental diffraction patterns of aligned molecules as a proof-of-principle for the recovery of the full structure. We align 4-fluorobenzotrifluoride with a linearly polarized laser and show that we can distinguish between atomic pairs with equal distances that are parallel and perpendicular to the aligned axis. We additionally show with numerical simulations that by cooling the molecules to a rotational temperature of 1 K, more distances and angles can be resolved through direct transformations

Retrieval of the molecular orientation distribution from atom-pair angular distributions

Imaging laser-induced rotational dynamics is an important and active field due to its applications in capturing reactions in the molecular frame and in molecular imaging. Experimental measurement of the molecular orientation distribution, as a function of the Euler angles, has been demonstrated for special cases when the detectable signal is generated along the molecular symmetry axis. Here we developed the general theory that maps the probability density distribution of the molecular orientation to the atom-pair angular distributions for nonlinear molecules. With the theory, the molecular orientation distribution can be retrieved from the measured atom-pair angular distribution, which we demonstrate experimentally using ultrafast electron diffractive imaging of impulsively aligned trifluoro-iodomethane molecules. The retrieved molecular orientation distribution is in good agreement with direct numerical simulations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation using the experimental conditions. Unlike the existing retrieval methods, the retrieval method does not require solving the Schrödinger equation, works for any alignment method, and is in principle applicable to asymmetric top molecules

Conceptual Design Of Cargo Airplane

The main goal of the work is to design the military cargo aircraft that fulfils all the requirements. Current work includes weight estimation of an aircraft, selection of airfoil and suitable wing configuration, selection of tail, fuselage sizing and power plant selection. From the available details, weight estimation of the aircraft was started, by assuming the soldiers weight and baggage allowance, with the available empirical relations, weight estimation was done. There are many conditions to select feasible airfoil for the aircraft, with the consideration of design Mach number and design lift coefficient airfoil was selected, then for aircraft flight regime, suitable wing configurations was selected. Primary objective of fuselage is to accommodate the soldiers, crew members in cockpit, and cargo, to place all these in the fuselage, space was sized and proper aisle was given in between with reference to the military standards. Need of Empennage is to provide the stability for aircraft, by checking the required stability for aircraft, horizontal and vertical tail was sized and suitable configuration was selected from the historical trends and requirement. In the design stage feasible engine for the aircraft was selected

IDENTIFYING MALICIOUS ACTIVITIES ENDEARING IN VARIABLE NETWORKING SYSTEMS

Malware is inescapable in systems, and represents a basic risk to network security. Be that as it may, we have exceptionally constrained comprehension of malware conduct in systems to date. In this paper, we examine how malware spread in systems from a worldwide point of view. We plan the issue, and set up a thorough two-layer scourge demonstrate for malware proliferation from system to arrange. In light of the proposed demonstrate, our examination shows that the dissemination of a given malware takes after exponential appropriation, control law circulation with a short exponential tail, and power law conveyance at its initial, late and last stages, individually. Broad trials have been performed through two genuine worldwide scale malware information sets, and the outcomes affirm our hypothetical discoveries

QUANTIFICATION OF PRESERVATIVES IN PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS BY TITRIMETRIC METHOD

Objectives: A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to the products, such as food products, beverages, and pharmaceutical drugs. The main objective involved in food preservative-specific additives is added to prevent the growth of microorganisms and spoilage of food. The spoilage of food can be caused by the growth of bacteria which can lead to changes in texture and appearance. Methods: In general, preservation is implemented in two modes chemical and physical. Chemical preservation entails adding chemical compound to the product and physical preservation entails processes such as drying. Results: The preservatives in this article can be determined using the titrimetric method. In this article, the titration was carried out against 0.5 N NaOH, and bromothymol blue is used as an indicator. Conclusion: The proposed method was found to be very easy, simple, and cost-effective

Fluorimetric Determination of Antiviral (COVID-19) Drug Favipiravir in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Favipiravir is a synthetic prodrug, which was first discovered while assessing the antiviral activity of chemical agents active against the influenza virus in the chemical library of Toyoma chemicals. It works by inhibiting RNA dependant RNA polymerase (RdRP), an enzyme required for RNA viral replication inside human cells. A simple, rapid, and economic method was developed for the quantitative determination of Favipiravirusing spectrofluorometer. The Favipiravir standard drug solution and sample tablet solution was prepared using double distilled water as a diluent. The different concentrations ofpure drugin the range 2-10 μg/ml and one sample solution were measured for the intensity at 432nm in the spectrofluorometer. The calibration curve was plotted and the sample’s unknown concentration was calculated from the plot. The calibration curve was found to be linear with r2 value obtained as 0.99.There are various other methods available for the quantification of Favipiravir which include RP-HPLC, UV-spectroscopic methods, FTIR, LC-MS with different extraction methods spiked in human plasma but not by using spectrofluorometer. Favipiravir shows fluorescence when dissolved in appropriate solvent hencethis method was developed to quantify Favipiravir which is a simple and efficient method. This method developed is easy and can be used for routine quality control test for Favipiravir pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Favipiravir, spectrofluorometer, Calibration curve

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SITAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN IN BULK AND COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Objective: To develop simple, accurate, precise UV Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet dosage form. Methodols: The method is based on the determination of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet using simultaneous equation method. Sitagliptin exhibits maximum absorbance at 267 and Metformin exhibits maximum absorbance at 237 nm using distilled water as diluents. Results: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 10-300 µg/ml for Sitagliptin and 4-14µg/ml for Metformin. The %RSD were within the limit i.e., less than 2%. The % recovery of the proposed method was found to be 97.12-99.46% for Sitagliptin and 98.15-99.85% for Metformin. The LOD of the proposed method was 0.397μg/ml for Sitagliptin and 0.8952µg/ml for Metformin. The LOQ was 1.2951μg/ml for Sitagliptin and 2.7159μg/ml for Metformin. Conclusion: A simple, accurate, precise UV Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet dosage form