145 research outputs found
On the Interpretation of the Redshift in a Static Gravitational Field
The classical phenomenon of the redshift of light in a static gravitational
potential, usually called the gravitational redshift, is described in the
literature essentially in two ways: on the one hand the phenomenon is explained
through the behaviour of clocks which run the faster the higher they are
located in the potential, whereas the energy and frequency of the propagating
photon do not change with height. The light thus appears to be redshifted
relative to the frequency of the clock. On the other hand the phenomenon is
alternatively discussed (even in some authoritative texts) in terms of an
energy loss of a photon as it overcomes the gravitational attraction of the
massive body. This second approach operates with notions such as the
"gravitational mass" or the "potential energy" of a photon and we assert that
it is misleading. We do not claim to present any original ideas or to give a
comprehensive review of the subject, our goal being essentially a pedagogical
one.Comment: latex, 16 pages, to be published in American Journal of Physic
Monopole decay in the external electric field
The possibility of the magnetic monopole decay in the constant electric field
is investigated and the exponential factor in the probability is obtained.
Corrections due to Coulomb interaction are calculated. The relation between
masses of particles for the process to exist is obtained.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Semiclassical Calculation of Photon-Stimulated Schwinger Pair Creation
We consider the electron-positron pair creation by a photon in an external
constant electric field. The presented treatment is based on a purely
quasiclassical calculation of the imaginary part of the on-shell photon
polarization operator. By using this approach we find the pair production rate
for photons with polarization parallel as well as orthogonal to the external
electric field in the leading order in the parameter , which has
been recently found by other methods. For the orthogonal polarization we also
find a new contribution to the rate, which is leading in the ratio of the
photon energy to the electron mass . We also reproduce by a purely
geometrical calculation the exponential factor in the probability of the
stimulated pair creation at arbitrary energy of the photon.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
Stochastic current switching in bistable resonant tunneling systems
Current-voltage characteristics of resonant-tunneling structures often
exhibit intrinsic bistabilities. In the bistable region of the I-V curve one of
the two current states is metastable. The system switches from the metastable
state to the stable one at a random moment in time. The mean switching time
\tau depends exponentially on the bias measured from the boundary of the
bistable region V_{th}. We find full expressions for \tau (including
prefactors) as functions of bias, sample geometry, and in-plane conductivity.
Our results take universal form upon appropriate renormalization of the
threshold voltage V_{th}. We also show that in large samples the switching
initiates inside, at the edge, or at a corner of the sample depending on the
parameters of the system.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figure
Decay of metastable current states in one-dimensional resonant tunneling devices
Current switching in a double-barrier resonant tunneling structure is studied
in the regime where the current-voltage characteristic exhibits intrinsic
bistability, so that in a certain range of bias two different steady states of
current are possible. Near the upper boundary V_{th} of the bistable region the
upper current state is metastable, and because of the shot noise it eventually
decays to the stable lower current state. We find the time of this switching
process in strip-shaped devices, with the width small compared to the length.
As the bias V is tuned away from the boundary value V_{th} of the bistable
region, the mean switching time \tau increases exponentially. We show that in
long strips \ln\tau \propto (V_{th} -V)^{5/4}, whereas in short strips \ln\tau
\propto (V_{th} -V)^{3/2}. The one-dimensional geometry of the problem enables
us to obtain analytically exact expressions for both the exponential and the
prefactor of \tau. Furthermore, we show that, depending on the parameters of
the system, the switching can be initiated either inside the strip, or at its
ends.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, update to published versio
The activity-based approach to achieving theoretical and practical consensus in pedagogy of N. F. Talyzina
The relevance of the problem under study is based on the necessity to solve the permanent problem of the unity of theory and practice in the content of students’ cognitive activity in the modern conditions. The purpose of the article is to analyze and to generalize the main concepts of pedagogy by N.F. Talyzina for implementation of the activity-based approach as a productive means of achieving theoretical and practical consensus in the process of forming students’ cognitive activity. The lead approach to studying this problem is the activity-based approach which adequately expresses the objective and the essence of our research. The article is based on the concepts of pedagogy by N.F. Talyzina and reveals the conceptual and instrumental components of implementing the activity-based approach as a productive means of achieving theoretical and practical consensus in the process of forming students’ cognitive activity. The materials of the article can be useful in modeling, designing and constructing a pedagogical concept aimed at achieving the balance between theoretical and practical components within the process of carrying out educational activity. © 2016 Chapaev et al
Particle decay in false vacuum
We revisit the problem of decay of a metastable vacuum induced by the
presence of a particle. For the bosons of the `master field' the problem is
solved in any number of dimensions in terms of the spontaneous decay rate of
the false vacuum, while for a fermion we find a closed expression for the decay
rate in (1+1) dimensions. It is shown that in the (1+1) dimensional case an
infrared problem of one-loop correction to the decay rate of a boson is
resolved due to a cancellation between soft modes of the field. We also find
the boson decay rate in the `sine-Gordon staircase' model in the limits of
strong and weak coupling.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figure
Influence of boric anhydride upon the physical and chemical properties of ferrosilicon slag
The authors study the influence of boric anhydride upon the physical and chemical properties of slag in the manufacture of ferrosilicon. It is established that adding boric anhydride to the slag changes its refractory quality and its viscosity and eases pouring slag and metal. Slags with optimal composition and properties are described
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