Ammonia emission measurements of an intensively grazed pasture

The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is still a challenge and the corresponding emission factor for grazed pastures is uncertain. This study presents NH3 emission measurements of two pasture systems in western Switzerland over the entire grazing season 2016. During the measurement campaign, each pasture system was grazed by 12 dairy cows in an intensive rotational management. The cow herds on the two pastures differed in the energy to protein balance of the diet. NH3 concentrations were measured upwind and downwind of a grazed subplot with line-integrating open path instruments that were able to retrieve small horizontal concentration differences (< 0.2 µg NH3 m−3). The NH3 emission fluxes were calculated by applying a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) dispersion model to the difference of paired concentration measurements and ranged from 0 to 2.5 µg N–NH3 m−2 s−1. The fluxes increased steadily during a grazing interval from previous non-significant values to reach maximum emissions at the end of the grazing interval. Afterwards they decreased exponentially to near zero-values within 3–5 days. A default emission curve was calculated for each of the two systems and adopted to each rotation in order to account for missing data values and to estimate inflow disturbances due to grazing on upwind paddocks. Dung and cow location were monitored to account for the non-negligible inhomogeneity of cow excreta on the pasture. The average emission (± SD of individual rotation values) per grazing hour was calculated as 0.64±0.11 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the N-balanced diet (system M) and 1.07±0.06 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the protein-rich grass-only diet (system G). Surveys of feed intake, body weight and milk yield of the cow herds were used to estimate the nitrogen (N) excretion by an animal N budget model. Based on that, mean relative emission factors of 6.4±2.0 % and 8.7±2.7 % of the applied urine N were found for the systems M and G, respectively. The results can be used to validate the Swiss national emission inventory and demonstrate the positive effect of an N-balanced diet on pasture NH3 emissions

Grazing-related nitrous oxide emissions: from patch scale to field scale

Grazed pastures are strong sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The quantification of N2O emissions is challenging due to the strong spatial and temporal variabilities of the emission sources and so N2O emission estimates are very uncertain. This study presents N2O emission measurements from two grazing systems in western Switzerland over the grazing season of 2016. The 12 dairy cows of each herd were kept in an intensive rotational grazing management. The diet for the two herds of cows consisted of different protein-to-energy ratios (system G: grass only diet; system M: grass with additional maize silage) resulting in different nitrogen (N) excretion rates. The N in the excretion was estimated by calculating the animal nitrogen budget taking into account the measurements of feed intake, milk yield, and body weight of the cow herds. Directly after the rotational grazing phases, background and urine patches were identified based on soil electric conductivity measurements while fresh dung patches were identified visually. The magnitude and temporal pattern of these different emission sources were measured with a fast-box (FB) chamber and the field-scale fluxes were quantified using two eddy covariance (EC) systems. The FB measurements were finally upscaled to the field level and compared to the EC measurements for quality control by using EC footprint estimates of a backward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. The comparison between the two grazing systems was performed during emission periods that were not influenced by fertilizer applications. This allowed the calculation of the excreta-related N2O emissions per cow and grazing hour and resulted in considerably higher emissions for system G compared to system M. Relating the found emissions to the excreta N resulted in excreta-related emission factors (EFs) of 0.74±0.26&thinsp;% for system M and 0.83±0.29&thinsp;% for system G. These EF values were thus significantly smaller compared to the default EF of 2&thinsp;% provided by the IPCC guidelines for cattle excreta deposited on pasture. The measurements showed that urine patch emission dominated the field-scale fluxes (57&thinsp;%), followed by significant background emissions (38&thinsp;%), and only a small contribution of dung patch emission (5&thinsp;%). The resulting source-specific EFs exhibited a clear difference between urine (1.12±0.43&thinsp;%) and dung (0.16±0.06&thinsp;%), supporting a disaggregation of the grazing-related EFs by excreta type in emission inventories. The study also highlights the advantage of a N-optimized diet, which resulted in reduced N2O emissions from animal excreta.</p

Evaluation of backward lagrangian stochastic dispersion modelling for NH3: including a dry deposition algorithm

Backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) modelling is widely used to assess emission rates from agricultural activities. A large number of investigations using bLS modelling estimates ammonia (NH3) emissions from confined areas. NH3 is known to efficiently deposit on surfaces, especially if they are moist. Most bLS models do not include deposition mechanisms. Three release experiments using an artificial source were conducted. A gas mixture of 5% NH3 and 95% methane (CH4) was released. Line-integrated measurements of NH3 and CH4 downwind of the source were carried out and recovery rates were calculated using bLS dispersion modelling. The recovery rates averaged to 106% for CH4 and 84% for NH3, respectively. The comparison between NH3 and the inert trace gas CH4 was used to assess the effect of (dry) deposition. The bLS model was extended by a dry deposition algorithm. Modelled concentration reductions due to the inclusion of dry deposition were comparable to the observed differences in the recovery rates of the inert CH4 and the deposition affected NH3