Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of 31P donors in silicon quantum computer

The influence of the electric field created by a gate potential of the silicon quantum computer on the hyperfine interaction constant (HIC) is obtained. The errors due to technological inaccuracy of location of donor atoms under a gate are evaluated. The energy spectra of electron-nuclear spin system of two interacting donor atoms with various values of HIC are calculated. The presence of two pairs of anticrossing levels in the ground electronic state is shown. Parameters of the structure at which errors rate can be greatly minimized are found.Comment: 12 pages,, 3 figure

Regulation of Wages and Hours Prior to 1938

Direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate the transient upstream propagation (flashback) of premixed hydrogen–air flames in the boundary layer of a fully developed turbulent channel flow. Results show that the well-known near-wall velocity fluctuations pattern found in turbulent boundary layers triggers wrinkling of the initially flat flame sheet as it starts propagating against the main flow direction, and that the structure of the characteristic streaks of the turbulent boundary layer ultimately has an important impact on the resulting flame shape and on its propagation mechanism. It is observed that the leading edges of the upstream-propagating premixed flame are always located in the near-wall region of the channel and assume the shape of several smooth, curved bulges propagating upstream side by side in the spanwise direction and convex towards the reactant side of the flame. These leading-edge flame bulges are separated by thin regions of spiky flame cusps pointing towards the product side at the trailing edges of the flame. Analysis of the instantaneous velocity fields clearly reveals the existence, on the reactant side of the flame sheet, of backflow pockets that extend well above the wall-quenching distance. There is a strong correspondence between each of the backflow pockets and a leading edge convex flame bulge. Likewise, high-speed streaks of fast flowing fluid are found to be always colocated with the spiky flame cusps pointing towards the product side of the flame. It is suggested that the origin of the formation of the backflow pockets, along with the subsequent mutual feedback mechanism, is due to the interaction of the approaching streaky turbulent flow pattern with the Darrieus–Landau hydrodynamic instability and pressure fluctuations triggered by the flame sheet. Moreover, the presence of the backflow pockets, coupled with the associated hydrodynamic instability and pressure–flow field interaction, greatly facilitate flame propagation in turbulent boundary layers and ultimately results in high flashback velocities that increase proportionately with pressure

Influence of gas compression on flame acceleration in the early stage of burning in tubes

The mechanism of finger flame acceleration at the early stage of burning in tubes was studied experimentally by Clanet and Searby [Combust. Flame 105: 225 (1996)] for slow propane-air flames, and elucidated analytically and computationally by Bychkov et al. [Combust. Flame 150: 263 (2007)] in the limit of incompressible flow. We have now analytically, experimentally and computationally studied the finger flame acceleration for fast burning flames, when the gas compressibility assumes an important role. Specifically, we have first developed a theory through small Mach number expansion up to the first-order terms, demonstrating that gas compression reduces the acceleration rate and the maximum flame tip velocity, and thereby moderates the finger flame acceleration noticeably. This is an important quantitative correction to previous theoretical analysis. We have also conducted experiments for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures with considerable initial values of the Mach number, showing finger flame acceleration with the acceleration rate much smaller than those obtained previously for hydrocarbon flames. Furthermore, we have performed numerical simulations for a wide range of initial laminar flame velocities, with the results substantiating the experiments. It is shown that the theory is in good quantitative agreement with numerical simulations for small gas compression (small initial flame velocities). Similar to previous works, the numerical simulation shows that finger flame acceleration is followed by the formation of the "tulip" flame, which indicates termination of the early acceleration process.Comment: 19 pages, 20 figure