465 research outputs found

    Étude de la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« et subchronique de l’extrait aqueux de Passiflora foetida Linn. (Passifloraceae) chez les rats et les souris

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    Cette étude été réalisée dans le but d’évaluer la toxicité aiguë et subchronique de Passiflora foetida chez les rats et les souris. Pour l’étude de la toxicité aiguë, les animaux de chaque espèce répartis en 8 lots de 10 chacun (5 mâles et 5 femelles) ont reçu des doses uniques allant de 60 à 180 mg/kg (souris) ou de 40 à 160 mg/kg (rats) de poids corporel (P.C) de l’extrait aqueux de Passiflora foetida (EAPF) et du NaCl 9‰ (témoins) par voie intraperitonéale (i.p.). Ensuite, 6 autres lots de 10 souris (5 mâles et 5 femelles) ont été traités oralement avec des doses de 2000 à 13000 mg/kg et du NaCl 9‰ (témoins). Les comportements des animaux ont été observés après chaque traitement. Dans l’étude de la toxicité subchronique, 4 lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles) ont été gavés quotidiennement pendant 28 jours avec des doses de 600, 800, 1200 mg/kg et du NaCl 9‰. Les résultats ont montré que les doses létales 50% (DL50) par voie i.p. étaient de 121,62 et 89,74 mg/kg de P.C respectivement chez les souris et les rats. En outre, la DL50 par voie orale chez les souris était supérieure à 13000 mg/kg de P.C. Les poids relatifs des organes (reins, foie, poumons, et coeur) prélevés chez les rats à la fin du traitement subchronique n’ont pas significativement varié. Les analyses hématologiques et biochimiques ont montré des réductions significatives du nombre d’hématies et de l’hématocrite à la dose de 1200 mg/kg d’une part et de l’ALT, de l’AST, du cholestérol à 800 et 1200 mg/kg d’autre part. L’étude histopathologique a révélé des cas d’apoptose cellulaire hépatique et de nécrose tubulaire des reins uniquement chez quelques animaux traités avec la plus forte dose. En conclusion, EAPF est toxique par voie i.p. et exerce une action hémolytique à forte dose. Cependant, il pourrait avoir des effets protecteurs sur le foie et le système cardiovasculaire.Mots clés: Apoptose, nécrose tubulaire, action hémolytique, système cardiovasculair

    RĂ©cente recomposition des populations de tiques prĂ©valent en CĂŽte d’Ivoire

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    Une Ă©tude transversale a Ă©tĂ© conduite dans 5 villes des rĂ©gions centre, est, ouest et nord de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire au cours des mois de septembre, octobre et novembre 2011. Le but Ă©tait de savoir si Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ă©tait prĂ©sente dans d’autres rĂ©gions hormis le  sud-ouest, et la nouvelle composition des populations de tiques infestant les bovins dans ces rĂ©gions. Au cours de cette Ă©tude, des tiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©coltĂ©es sur un Ă©chantillon de 6 animaux dans chacun des 25 Ă©levages rĂ©partis dans les quatre rĂ©gions : centre, ouest, est et nord. Six espĂšces de tiques appartenant Ă  trois genres ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es. Ce sont: Amblyomma variegatum (toutes les rĂ©gions) ; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (toutes les rĂ©gions), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus(rĂ©gion est seulement), Hyalomma truncatum (rĂ©gions nord, est et ouest), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (centre et nord) et Rhipicephalus senegalensis (rĂ©gion centre seulement). L’espĂšce la plus dominante, observĂ©e pendant la pĂ©riode d’étude, a Ă©tĂ© Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. En effet, elle est non seulement prĂ©sente dans toutes les rĂ©gions, mais aussi  majoritaire. La rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique de ces espĂšces de tiques,  parasites des bovins, a donc Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie.Mots clĂ©s : Tiques, bovin, rĂ©gions, CĂŽte d’Ivoire

    Implementation of the new WHO recommendations on HIV and infant feeding: Challenges and the way forward

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    Breast milk provides all the nutrient needs of the infant especially in the first six months of life and also protects the growing infant from pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malnutrition, which are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the African Region. However breastfeeding is also known to transmit the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from mother to the child. Several guidelines have been developed to guide policy makers, health workers and mothers on the most appropriate methods to feed HIV exposed infants. Previous HIV and infant feedingguidelines emphasized on preventing infants from becoming infected with HIV by counseling HIV-infected mothers to avoid all breastfeeding. Over the period, programme implementers and researchers have reported difficulties in implementing earlier recommendations and guidelines on HIV and infant feeding within health-care systems. New evidence now shows that giving Anti-Retroviral therapy (ARVs) to either the HIV-infected mother or HIV-exposed infant can significantly reduce the risk of transmitting HIV through breastfeeding. Thus, in 2010 World HealthOrganization (WHO) issued the latest guidelines on HIV and infant feeding entitled Principles and recommendations for infant feeding in the context of HIV and a summary of evidence. The 2010 WHO guidelines have changed the recommendations on how HIV infected mothers should feed their infants, and how health workers should support them. National authorities in each country can decide which infant feeding practice will be primarily promoted and supported by Maternal and Child Health services, i.e. breastfeeding with an antiretroviral intervention to reduce transmission or avoidance of all breastfeeding. Previous guidelines and  recommendations on infant feeding in the context of HIV have undergone frequent changes over the past decade. The adaptation and implementation of previous and current guidelines at national level have met challenges. These include lack of consensus among key stakeholders, inadequate funding for the additional cost of providing ARVs to the mother or the child and difficulties in communicating the recommendations in the new guidelines clearly to mothers, health workers and policy makers. To address these challenges a number of proposals have been suggested such as coordinated consensus building process, costing of interventions and a phased implementation approach to ensure successful scale up over time. This paper describes the process of adapting global HIV and infant feeding recommendations and guidelines at national level. It also reviews the challenges encountered in implementation and proposes the way forward in addressing them

    Assessing the impact of agronomic, geographical and climatic variables on the spread of cassava anthracnose disease in Cote d’Ivoire

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    The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a set of variables (agronomic, geographic and climatic) on the spread of the cassava anthracnose disease at a national scale in CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Survey conducted between 2014 and 2017 allowed determining the incidence and the severity of this disease in cassava farms using an infection scoring scale. Farms’ infection was found increasing from clean farms (1 %) to infected grass ones (4 %). Furthermore, high infestation rates and differences were observed in monoculture (10 %) and intercropping (21 %). The magnitude and severity of anthracnose disease was found higher within farms with planting densities of more than 10,000 cassava plants / hectare. Farms situated between parallels of the fifth and ninth degree at latitude North are severely infested.Key words : Cassava, Anthracnose, Agronomic Practices, Climatic Parameters, CĂŽte d’Ivoire. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude, Ă©tait d’évaluer l’impact de certains facteurs agronomiques, gĂ©ographiques et climatiques sur le dĂ©veloppement de l’anthracnose du manioc et la distribution des zones d’infestation en CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Des prospections menĂ©es entre 2014 et 2017 ont permis de dĂ©terminer l’incidence et la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de l’anthracnose dans des parcelles de manioc. Il en ressort que les infestations des parcelles ont augmentĂ© de 1 Ă  4 % en passant des parcelles Propres aux parcelles EnherbĂ©es. Les proportions des parcelles infectĂ©es ont augmentĂ© de 10 Ă  21 % respectivement pour les parcelles en culture pure et les parcelles en association culturale. Les densitĂ©s de plantation supĂ©rieures Ă  10 000 pieds/hectare ont exacerbĂ© l’ampleur et la gravitĂ© de l’anthracnose du manioc. Les parcelles, situĂ©es entre les parallĂšles du cinquiĂšme et du neuviĂšme degrĂ© de latitude nord, sont sĂ©vĂšrement infestĂ©es. Les tempĂ©ratures et humiditĂ©s relatives Ă©levĂ©es qui ont prĂ©values, dans les diffĂ©rentes localitĂ©s, ont amplifiĂ© la pression parasitaire. Les pluviomĂ©tries Ă©levĂ©es ont moins favorisĂ© la propagation et l’intensification des infections.Mots clĂ©s : manioc, anthracnose, pratiques agronomiques, paramĂštres climatiques, CĂŽte d’Ivoire

    Possible alternative for national supply of seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from in vitro culture at the Agro-physio-genetic and Plants Biotechnology laboratory of IPR / IFRA of Katibougou, Mali

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    The enhancement of the potential for reducing food insecurity and poverty through potato cultivation in Mali is largely limited by difficult access to quality seed. In trying to find ways to reduce these shortcomings outlined above that work has been done. The objective of this work was to assess the economic profitability of the local potato seed sourcing scheme from in vitro propagation and to analyze the competitiveness of the sourcing scheme from imported elite seed. The technical and economic feasibility of the local potato seed supply scheme was assessed at five levels. The first concerns the production of vitro-plants in the laboratory, the second the production of mini zero generation tubers (G0). Regarding the other three levels of evaluation, they were carried out in collaboration with the seed cooperatives by successive multiplication from mini-tubers to obtain seeds of one “G1”, two “G2” and three “G3” generations". The profitability of the procurement scheme from the elite imported and multiplied once seed was evaluated in order to analyze its competitiveness in relation to the local circuit. The valuation indicates positive profit margins. However, it should be noted that the economic efficiency coefficients of vitro-propagation (0.77) and tunnel multiplication (0.75) are less than 1. The production cost of one kilogram of G3 is equal to at 463.39 F CFA. A profit margin of 456.61 F CFA / kg emerges between this unit production cost and the selling price of imported seeds, which amounts on average to 920 F CFA / kg. The production of plants is technically feasible and profitable with a cost price of one kg of G3 in the order of 500 to 600 F CFA against 900 to 1000 F CFA / kg for imported seed. La valorisation du potentiel de rĂ©duction de l’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et de la pauvretĂ© Ă  travers la culture de la pomme de terre au Mali est limitĂ©e en grande partie par l’accĂšs difficile Ă  la semence de qualitĂ©. En essayant de trouver des moyens pour rĂ©duire ces insuffisances soulignĂ©es ci-dessus que ce travail a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©. Le prĂ©sent travail avait pour objectif d’évaluer la rentabilitĂ© Ă©conomique du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement locale en semences de pomme de terre Ă  partir de la vitro propagation et d’analyser la compĂ©titivitĂ© du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement Ă  partir de la semence Ă©lite importĂ©es. La faisabilitĂ© technico-Ă©conomique du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement local en semences de pomme de terre Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  cinq niveaux. Le premier concerne la production de vitro-plants au laboratoire, le deuxiĂšme la production de mini tubercules de gĂ©nĂ©ration zĂ©ro (G0). Pour ce qui concerne les trois autres niveaux d’évaluation, ils ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s en collaboration avec les coopĂ©ratives semenciĂšres par multiplications successives Ă  partir de mini-tubercules pour obtenir des semences de gĂ©nĂ©ration une «G1», deux «G2» et trois «G3». La rentabilitĂ©, du schĂ©ma d’approvisionnement Ă  partir de la semence Ă©lite importĂ©e et multipliĂ©e une fois, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e en vue d’analyser sa compĂ©titivitĂ© en rapport avec le circuit local. L’évaluation indique des marges bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires positives. Cependant, il faut remarquer que les coefficients d’efficacitĂ© Ă©conomiques de la vitro-propagation (0,77) et de la multiplication sous tunnels (0,75) sont infĂ©rieurs Ă  1. Le coĂ»t de production d’un kilogramme de G3 est Ă©gal Ă  463,39 F CFA. Une marge bĂ©nĂ©ficiaire de 456,61 F CFA / kg se dĂ©gage entre ce coĂ»t de production unitaire et le prix de vente des semences importĂ©es qui s’élĂšve en moyenne Ă  920 F CFA / kg. La production de plants est techniquement faisable et rentable avec un coĂ»t de revient d’un kg de G3 de l’ordre de 500 Ă  600 F CFA contre 900 Ă  1 000 F CFA / kg pour la semence importĂ©e

    Health Profile of Nebraska\u27s Latino Population

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    The University of Nebraska at Omaha’s (UNO) Office of Latino and Latin American Studies (OLLAS) has released a report and policy brief, in conjunction with the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), describing the serious health problems facing the growing Latino and immigrant populations in Nebraska and Iowa, particularly the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area

    Prostate cancer revealed by skin metastasis: A case report in black African man

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    AbstractIntroductionProstate cancer is the most common male malignancy in Togo. Most patients present with advanced and metastatic disease. Skin metastasis from prostate cancer is very rare and it occurs late and often with a poor prognosis. We report a case in a 52-year-old Togolese man where the skin lesions reveal the disease and with a good prognosis three years after treatment.ObservationIn 2012, a 52-year-old man presented in dermatology with multiple painless skin nodules on his chest. He did not have lower urinary tract symptoms The biopsy of the skin lesion (three nodules) showed a metastasis of adenocarcinoma type tumor and tumor markers performed pointed toward prostate as primary site. In urology a diagnostic biopsy (12 cores) of prostate revealed a high-grade (Gleason grade 4+4) adenocarcinoma. We performed a bilateral orchiectomy as androgen deprivation therapy and one month after this treatment the skin lesions have disappeared.ConclusionSkin metastasis of prostate cancer is rare and their recognition remains poor among practitioners requiring biopsy of the lesions. The prognosis could be better in newly diagnosed prostate cancer

    Risk Factors for Dementia in a Senegalese Elderly Population Aged 65 Years and Over

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    Background: With the aging of the population, dementia is increasing worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for dementia in an elderly population utilizing a primary health care service in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2004 to December 31, 2005, 507 elderly patients aged ≄65 years who came to the Social and Medical Center of IPRES, Dakar, Senegal, were first screened with the screening interview questionnaire ‘Aging in Senegal’. Those who were cognitively impaired underwent a clinical examination to detect dementia. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Results: The whole population had a mean age of 72.4 years (±5.2) and was mostly male, married, and non-educated. Hypertension, arthritis, and gastrointestinal diseases were the main health conditions reported in the past medical history. Smoking was important while alcohol consumption was rare. Social network was high. Forty-five patients (8.87%) had dementia. In the multivariate model, only advanced age, education, epilepsy, and family history of dementia were independently associated with dementia. Conclusion: The risk factors identified are also found in developed countries confirming their role in dementia. It is important to take dementia into consideration in Senegal and to sensitize the community for prevention
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