Interactive Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization and Rhizobial Inoculation on Symbiotic and Growth Potential of Selected Chickpea Cultivars

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhizobia and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) on nodulation and plant growth-promotion (PGP) traits of chickpea cultivars under field conditions at IARI, New Delhi and ICRISAT, Patancheru during the Rabi season of 2014-15. Two chickpea cultivars, JAKI 9218 and Shubhra, were used in common by both the institutes, while the third cultivar varied; IARI used PUSA 372, whereas ICRISAT used JG11, popular variety of the respective locations. The seeds were subjected to four treatments, including T1 = positive control (only DAP); T2 = only rhizobia; T3 = rhizobia and DAP; and T4 = absolute control (no rhizobia and DAP). Manual planting was done in split plot design with three replications. Observations, including nodule number, nodule weight, shoot weight, root weight, pod weight, pod number, grain yield, stover yield, N and P uptake from shoots were recorded. Seed inoculation with rhizobia (T2 and T3) significantly enhanced nodulation and growth over un-inoculated controls (T1 and T4) at both IARI and ICRISAT locations. Among T2 and T3, nodule weight observed was more in T3 than T2 at both IARI and ICRISAT locations, except in case of one cultivar (Subhra) at ICRISAT where T2 was significantly higher than T3.Among the cultivars, Subhra was found to be more compatible to rhizobial strains used in this study than the other two cultivars at both the locations. At crop maturity stage, data were collected only at ICRISAT location due to hostile weather conditions at IARI. At ICRISAT, T3 recorded significantly higher shoot weight (up to 25%), pod weight (up to 37%), pod number (up to 16%), grain yield (up to 25%), stover yield (up to 8%) and P uptake (up to 10%) over T4, the absolute control. It can be concluded that rhizobial strains in combination with DAP supports not only nodulation potential of chickpea but also its PGP traits

Assessment of nodulation potential in mini-core genotypes and land races of chickpea

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a sustainable alternative for nitrogen supply for plants in agriculture. Past efforts to enhance SNF in chickpea through inoculation with improved rhizobia were partially successful. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify nodulation variants among the mini-core and races accessions of chickpea. In the present study, a total of 211 mini-core lines, 68 land races and 3 checks were evaluated for nodulation variants under greenhouse conditions at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India and IIPR, Kanpur, India. The seeds of all accessions were inoculated with IC-76, a nodulating bacteria, on both locations. When the potting material was pasteurized, the organic carbon had reduced from 0.49% to 0.29% whereas no significant difference was noted in total N and available P contents. At 45 days after sowing, the mini-core lines of chickpea were categorized into 6 types, based on nodulation capability (rating 0-5, where 0=no nodules; while 5 = maximum nodules) at both ICRISAT and IIPR locations. A direct correlation was obtained between nodule numbers and shoot and root weights. Further, some lines were found common at both the locations for particular category of nodulation rating.For instance, the lines ICC-2580, ICC- 2990, ICC-3421 and RSG-888 were found fitting in rating 5 while lines ICC-6294 and ICC-9002 in rating 1. A similar trend of nodulation variants were also found in the land races of chickpea. A total of 35 chickpea mini-core lines and six land races were found common for nodulation variants at both locations

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Not AvailableAn investigation was undertaken at New Delhi, India during 2011–2013 to assess the agro-economic potentiality of four promising high-value crops’ imbedded diversified intensive cropping systems (DICS) in order to diversify the cereal–cereal based rotations and owning maximum profitability in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGPR) production systems. Cowpea–potato–mungbean (C–P–Mb) system proved as best viable option in realizing highest system-productivity in terms of mungbean-equivalent-yield (MEY), water-productivity and energy-relationships besides enhancing soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties; followed by Kharif onion–wheat–mungbean (O–W–Mb) system. C–P–Mb system also observed significantly highest net-returns, production and monetary-efficiencies. Application of 75 % recommendedNPK (RDF) + vermicompost (VC) @ 5 t per ha registered highest system-productivity (MEY) and production-efficiency followed by 100 % RDF, respectively. Application of 75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t per ha also registered higher available N, P, soil–organic–carbon and DTPA-extractable micro-nutrients, besides enhanced microbial–biomass–carbon, respiratory and dehydrogenase activities. Overall, C–P–Mb and O–W–Mb systems supplied with75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t per ha may prove as viable alternative DICSs for enhanced system-productivity, profitability, water-productivity, energetics, and soil-health under irrigated IGPR.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableOn- farm demonstrations on Trichoderma harzianum were undertaken to empower farmers and show the potential against root rot complex and wilt disease in major pulse crops. Accordingly, a project was implemented during 2008-2011 in six villages with 620 farmers under rainfed conditions of Sumerpur Block, Hamirpur district in Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh. The identified native strain of Trichoderma harzianum (IPT 31) was multiplied and supplied to farmers for seed treatment in chickpea, lentil and pigeonpea crops. The results showed that the overall reduction in plant mortality due to root rot complex over control was 32.1% and 14.3% in chickpea and lentil, respectively. However, the reduction in wilt incidence was observed 26.7% in chickpea and 25.9% of lentil. Further, the percent increase in yield over the control was 16.6% and 12.6% in chickpea and lentil, respectively. The additional yield in chickpea and lentil from T. harzianum application was received 1.30 q/ha and 0.93 q/ha with economic gain of 2600 and 2800/ha. The impact of T. harzianum in pigeonpea was observed to a lesser extent. The availability of soil moisture played an important role in effectiveness of Trichoderma. The increase in awareness and knowledge on nature, role and benefits of T. harzianum; methods of application, source of availability and market price was observed between 20 to 70 percent.Not Availabl

On - farm demonstrations of Trichoderma harzianum in pulse crops under rainfed conditions of Bundelkhand - A case study

On- farm demonstrations on Trichoderma harzianum were undertaken to empower farmers and show the potential against root rot complex and wilt disease in major pulse crops. Accordingly, a project was implemented during 2008-2011 in six villages with 620 farmers under rainfed conditions of Sumerpur Block, Hamirpur district in Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh. The identified native strain of Trichoderma harzianum (IPT 31) was multiplied and supplied to farmers for seed treatment in chickpea, lentil and pigeonpea crops. The results showed that the overall reduction in plant mortality due to root rot complex over control was 32.1% and 14.3% in chickpea and lentil, respectively. However, the reduction in wilt incidence was observed 26.7% in chickpea and 25.9% of lentil. Further, the percent increase in yield over the control was 16.6% and 12.6% in chickpea and lentil, respectively. The additional yield in chickpea and lentil from T. harzianum application was received 1.30 q/ha and 0.93 q/ha with economic gain of 2600 and 2800/ha. The impact of T. harzianum in pigeonpea was observed to a lesser extent. The availability of soil moisture played an important role in effectiveness of Trichoderma. The increase in awareness and knowledge on nature, role and benefits of T. harzianum; methods of application, source of availability and market price was observed between 20 to 70 percent

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during rainy season (June–October) of 2016, to study the effect of different integrated crop management (ICM) modules on productivity and profitability of direct-seeded basmati rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight treatment combinations, i.e. ICM modules (ICM1 to ICM8). The study indicated that the yield attributes, grain yield (4.03 t/ha), harvest index, as well as gross ( 96,253/ha) and net ( 50,693/ha) returns as well as gross B: C ratio (2.11) of rice crop were significantly higher in the ICM7, i.e. zero till (ZT)-summer mungbean residue retention (SMB-RR) + ZT- direct seeded rice (DSR) + wheat residue @ 3 t/ha + 75% of recommended dose of fertilizers @ 100 : 50 : 50 kg N : P2 O5 : K2 O/ha (RDF) (N through Zn coated urea/ZCU) + glyphosate as pre-plant (PP) @ 1 kg a.i./ha + pretilachlor as pre-emergence (PE)@ 0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g a.i./ha as post emergence (POE) at 25 days after sowing(DAS) + need based water management, disease and integrated pest management, with comparison to othermodules. The escalation of cost due to transplanting was increased 5,045/ha compared to direct–seeded rice.The increase in net returns with ICM7 was 36.7, 41.4 and 9.3% over ICM1, conventional transplanting/TPR + 100% of RDF + butachlor-PE @ 1 kg a. i./ha + 1 hand-weeding (HW); ICM6 , ZT-DSR + wheat residue @ 3 t/ha + 75% RDF + AMF + NPK-biofertilizer + glyphosate as PP @ 1 kg a.i./ha + pretilachlor-PE @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g a.i./ha as POE at 25 DAS + 1 HW and ICM8 , ZT-SMB-RR + ZT- DSR + wheat residue @ 3 t/ha + 50% RDF + AMF + NPK-bf + glyphosate as PP @ 1 kg a.i./ha + pretilachlor-PE @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g a.i./ha as POE at 25 DAS + 1 HW, respectively. Hence, the superior ICMmodule, i.e. ICM7 may be useful for improving profitability and B : C ratio of direct-seeded rice with respect to other modules.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn experiment was conducted to investigate the role of Antioxidant Enzymes (AOE) in Salicylic Acid (SA) induced salt-stress tolerance during chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed germination at ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau during 2018. Results showed the differential germination performance of salt-sensitive (PG 186) and salt-tolerant (CSG 8962) chickpea cultivars under three levels (0, 75, 150 mM NaCl) of salt stresses. Salt stress adversely affected the seed germination and traits of early seedling establishment in PG 186 cultivar than in CSG 8962. Sand matrix priming (SMP) of seeds using SA @ 150 ppm improved the germination (up to 2 times) and other seed quality parameters in sensitive cultivar under higher (150 mM NaCl) salt-stress level. Further investigating the role of SA on modulating AOE, a negative influence of SA on major AOE (POX, CAT and GR) was observed in cotyledons of PG 186 genotype under high salt stress. However, the level of APX was observed to be constitutively higher in tolerant CSG 8962 chickpea genotype. The summary of results suggested that, SA alleviates oxidative stress through reducing major AOE in cotyledon to improve chickpea seed germination.Not Availabl