Strategies to accelerate the degradation of injectable calcium phosphate-based composite materials for bone regeneration.

Contains fulltext : 127111.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 7 mei 2014Promotor : Jansen, J.A. Co-promotores : Wolke, J.G.C., Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G

Injectable biphasic calcium phosphate cements as a potential bone substitute

Item does not contain fulltextApatitic calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been widely used as bone grafts due to their excellent osteoconductive properties, but the degradation properties are insufficient to stimulate bone healing in large bone defects. A novel approach to overcome the lack of degradability of apatitic CPC involves the development of biphasic CPCs (BCPC) based on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in both alpha- and beta-polymorphs. The aim of the current study was to prepare and analyze the physicochemical properties of BCPCs based on dual phase alpha/beta-TCP as obtained by heat treatment of pure alpha-TCP. The handling and mechanical characteristics of the samples as well as the degradation behavior under in vitro condition were investigated and compared with a standard monophasic alpha-TCP-based CPC. The results showed that different heat treatments of commercially available alpha-TCP allowed the formation of biphasic calcium phosphate powder with a variety of alpha/beta-TCP ratios. The use of biphasic powder particles as a reactant for CPCs resulted into increased setting and injectability times of the final BCPCs. During hardening of the cements, the amount of apatite formation decreased with increasing beta-TCP content in the biphasic precursor powders. The morphology of the monophasic CPC consisted of plate-like crystals, whereas needle-like crystals were observed for BCPCs. In vitro degradation tests demonstrated that dissolution rate and corresponding calcium release from the set cements increased considerably with increasing beta-TCP content, suggesting that apatitic CPCs can be rendered degradable by using biphasic alpha/beta-TCP as powder precursor phase. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 415-422, 2014

Accelerated calcium phosphate cement degradation due to incorporation of glucono-delta-lactone microparticles

Item does not contain fulltextInjectable calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are frequently used for filling of bone defects due to their excellent osteocompatibility. Their poor degradability, however, limits complete regeneration of bone defects. Organic additives that produce acid by-products are particularly attractive to create macroporosity in situ since CPC degrade by acid dissolution. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) can be used as acid-producing microparticles for incorporation into CPC without compromising its osteocompatibility. Characterization studies confirmed that CPCs containing either low or high amounts of GDL were injectable and self-setting, while a considerable amount of porosity was formed already within 1 day of incubation in phosphate buffered saline due to dissolution of GDL. Histomorphometrical evaluation after 2 weeks of implantation revealed that CPC containing 10% of GDL degraded faster and was replaced by more bone tissue than CPCs containing either Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or gelatin microspheres. Summarizing, the current study showed that CPCs containing appropriate amounts of GDL display accelerated degradation and new bone formation compared with CPCs containing microparticles made of conventional polymers such as PLGA or gelatin

Comparison of micro- vs. nanostructured colloidal gelatin gels for sustained delivery of osteogenic proteins: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and alkaline phosphatase

Item does not contain fulltextColloidal gels have recently emerged as a promising new class of materials for regenerative medicine by employing micro- and nanospheres as building blocks to assemble into integral scaffolds. To this end, physically crosslinked particulate networks are formed that are injectable yet cohesive. By varying the physicochemical properties of different particle populations, the suitability of colloidal gels for programmed delivery of multiple therapeutic proteins is superior over conventional monolithic gels that lack this strong capacity for controlled drug release. Colloidal gels made of biodegradable polymer micro-or nanospheres have been widely investigated over the past few years, but a direct comparison between micro- vs. nanostructured colloidal gels has not been made yet. Therefore, the current study has compared the viscoelastic properties and capacity for drug release of colloidal gels made of oppositely charged gelatin microspheres vs. nanospheres. Viscoelastic properties of the colloidal gelatin gels were characterized by rheology and simple injectability tests, and in vitro release of two selected osteogenic proteins (i.e. bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) from the colloidal gelatin gels was evaluated using radiolabeled BMP-2 and ALP. Nanostructured colloidal gelatin gels displayed superior viscoelastic properties over microsphere-based gels in terms of elasticity, injectability, structural integrity, and self-healing behavior upon severe network destruction. In contrast, microstructured colloidal gelatin gels exhibited poor gel strength and integrity, unfavorable injectability, and did not recover after shearing, resulting from the poor gel cohesion due to insufficiently strong interparticle forces. Regarding the capacity for drug delivery, sustained growth factor (BMP-2) release was obtained for both micro- and nanosphere-based gels, the kinetics of which were mainly depending on the particle size of gelatin spheres with the same crosslinking density. Therefore, the optimal gelatin carrier for drug delivery in terms of particle size and crosslinking density still needs to be established for specific clinical indications that require either short-term or long-term release. It can be concluded that nanostructured colloidal gelatin gels show great potential for sustained delivery of therapeutic proteins, whereas microstructured colloidal gelatin gels are not sufficiently cohesive as injectables for biomedical applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

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Controlled Release of Chemotherapeutic Platinum-Bisphosphonate Complexes from Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cements

Item does not contain fulltextHerein, we present a method to release chemotherapeutic platinum-bisphosphonate (Pt-BP) complexes from apatitic calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). Pt-BP-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) were added at different ratios to the powder phase of the cements, which contained poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres as porogens to accelerate their degradation. In vitro release kinetics of Pt-BP complexes revealed that the release rate of Pt species can be tuned by varying the amount of drug-loaded HA NPs as well as modifying the chemical structure of the Pt-BP complex to tailor its affinity with HA NPs. In addition, the incorporation of PLGA microspheres into the CPCs increased the degradation rate of the materials without affecting the release rate of Pt species. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of the free Pt-BP complexes and Pt-BP-loaded CPCs was evaluated using both human osteosarcoma cancer cells (MG-63) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (h-BMMSCs). This study demonstrated that both free Pt-BP complexes and the releasates from the CPCs were antiproliferative in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, their antiproliferative activity was higher on MG-63 cells compared to h-BMMSC primary cells. In summary, it was shown that injectable CPCs can be rendered chemotherapeutically active by incorporation of HA NPs loaded with HA-binding Pt-BP complexes

Tuning the Degradation Rate of Calcium Phosphate Cements by Incorporating Mixtures of Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid Microspheres and Glucono-Delta-Lactone Microparticles

Item does not contain fulltextCalcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are frequently used as synthetic bone graft materials in view of their excellent osteocompatibility and clinical handling behavior. Hydroxyapatite-forming CPCs, however, degrade at very low rates, thereby limiting complete bone regeneration. The current study has investigated whether degradation of apatite-forming cements can be tuned by incorporating acid-producing slow-resorbing poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) porogens, fast-resorbing glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) porogens, or mixtures thereof. The physicochemical, mechanical, and degradation characteristics of these CPC formulations were systematically analyzed upon soaking in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In parallel, various CPC formulations were implanted intramuscularly and orthotopically on top of the transverse process of goats followed by analysis of the soft tissue response and bone ingrowth after 12 weeks. In vitro degradation of GDL was almost completed after 2 weeks, as evidenced by characterization of the release of gluconic acid, while PLGA-containing CPCs released glycolic acid throughout the entire study (12 weeks), resulting in a decrease in compression strength of CPC. Extensive in vitro degradation of the CPC matrix was observed upon simultaneous incorporation of 30% PLGA-10% GDL. Histomorphometrical evaluation of the intramuscularly implanted samples revealed that all CPCs exhibited degradation, accompanied by an increase in capsule thickness. In the in vivo goat transverse process model, incorporation of 43% PLGA, 30% PLGA-5% GDL, and 30% PLGA-10% GDL in CPC significantly increased bone formation and resulted in higher bone height compared with both 10% GDL and 20% GDL-containing CPC samples

Influence of the pore generator on the evolution of the mechanical properties and the porosity and interconnectivity of a calcium phosphate cement.

Item does not contain fulltextPorosity and interconnectivity are important properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) and bone-replacement materials. Porosity of CPCs can be achieved by adding polymeric biodegradable pore-generating particles (porogens), which can add porosity to the CPC and can also be used as a drug-delivery system. Porosity affects the mechanical properties of CPCs, and hence is of relevance for clinical application of these cements. The current study focused on the effect of combinations of polymeric mesoporous porogens on the properties of a CPC, such as specific surface area, porosity and interconnectivity and the development of mechanical properties. CPC powder was mixed with different amounts of PLGA porogens of various molecular weights and porogen sizes. The major factors affecting the properties of the CPC were related to the amount of porogen loaded and the porogen size; the molecular weight did not show a significant effect per se. A minimal porogen size of 40 mum in 30 wt.% seems to produce a CPC with mechanical properties, porosity and interconnectivity suitable for clinical applications. The properties studied here, and induced by the porogen and CPC, can be used as a guide to evoke a specific host-response to maintain CPC integrity and to generate an explicit bone ingrowth.1 januari 201