13 research outputs found
Status of smear-positive TB patients at 2-3 years after initiation of treatment under a DOTS programme
Objective: To describe the status of cases 2-3 years after the initiation of treatment under DOTS.
Setting: After DOTS implementation in Tiruvallur district, south India, we followed up a cohort of smear-positive TB
patients registered during 2002-03 after initiation of treatment.
Results: The overall mortality rate was 15.0% and among the remaining 18.6% had active disease. In multivariate analysis,
a higher mortality rate was independently associated with age, sex, occupation, treatment outcome and initial body weight
of patients.
Conclusion: The mortality and morbidity rates are still high during follow-up and needs to be curtailed by addressing these
issues effectively in TB control programm
Active community surveillance of the impact of different tuberculosis control measures, Tiruvallur, South India, 1968-2001
Background: Tuberculosis is curable, but community surveys documenting epidemiological
impact of the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy on tuberculosis prevalence
have not been published. We used active community surveillance to compare
the impact of DOTS with earlier programmes.
Methods: We conducted tuberculosis disease surveys using random cluster sampling of a
rural population in South India approximately every 2.5 years from 1968 to
1986, using radiography as a screening tool for sputum examination. In 1999,
DOTS was implemented in the area. Prevalence surveys using radiography and
symptom screening were conducted at the start of DOTS implementation and
after 2.5 years.
Results: From 1968 to 1999, culture-positive and smear-positive tuberculosis declined by
2.3 and 2.5% per annum compared with 11.9 and 5.6% after DOTS
implementation. The 2.5 year period of DOTS implementation accounted for
one-fourth of the decline in prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis over 33
years. Multivariate analysis showed that prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis
decreased substantially (10.0% per annum, 95% CI: 2.8–16.6%) owing
to DOTS after only slight declines related to temporal trends (2.1% annual
decline, 95% CI: 1.1–3.2%) and short-course chemotherapy (1.5% annual
decline, 95% CI: �9.7% to 11.5%). Under DOTS, the proportion of total cases
identified through clinical care increased from 81 to 92%.
Conclusions: Following DOTS implementation, prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis
decreased rapidly following a gradual decline for the previous 30 years. In the
absence of a large HIV epidemic and with relatively low levels of rifampicin
resistance, DOTS was associated with rapid reduction of tuberculosis prevalenc
Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Testing Referral Strategies among Tuberculosis Patients in India
Background: Indian guidelines recommend routine referral for HIV testing of all tuberculosis (TB) patients in the nine states with the highest HIV prevalence, and selective referral for testing elsewhere. We assessed the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of alternative HIV testing referral strategies among TB patients in India. Methods and Findings: We utilized a computer model of HIV and TB disease to project outcomes for patients with active TB in India. We compared life expectancy, cost, and cost-effectiveness for three HIV testing referral strategies: 1) selective referral for HIV testing of those with increased HIV risk, 2) routine referral of patients in the nine highest HIV prevalence states with selective referral elsewhere (current standard), and 3) routine referral of all patients for HIV testing. TB-related data were from the World Health Organization. HIV prevalence among TB patients was 9.0% in the highest prevalence states, 2.9% in the other states, and 4.9% overall. The selective referral strategy, beginning from age 33.50 years, had a projected discounted life expectancy of 16.88 years and a mean lifetime HIV/TB treatment cost of US10; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US730/YLS compared to the current standard. For HIV-infected patients cured of TB, receiving antiretroviral therapy increased survival from 4.71 to 13.87 years. Results were most sensitive to the HIV prevalence and the cost of second-line antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: Referral of all patients with active TB in India for HIV testing will be both effective and cost-effective. While effective implementation of this strategy would require investment, routine, voluntary HIV testing of TB patients in India should be recommended
Assessing Tuberculosis Case Fatality Ratio: A Meta-Analysis
Background: Recently, the tuberculosis (TB) Task Force Impact Measurement acknowledged the need to review the assumptions underlying the TB mortality estimates published annually by the World Health Organization (WHO). TB mortality is indirectly measured by multiplying estimated TB incidence with estimated case fatality ratio (CFR). We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the TB case fatality ratio in TB patients having initiated TB treatment. Methods: We searched for eligible studies in the PubMed and Embase databases through March 4(th) 2011 and by reference listing of relevant review articles. Main analyses included the estimation of the pooled percentages of: a) TB patients dying due to TB after having initiated TB treatment and b) TB patients dying during TB treatment. Pooled percentages were estimated using random effects regression models on the combined patient population from all studies. Main Results: We identified 69 relevant studies of which 22 provided data on mortality due to TB and 59 provided data on mortality during TB treatment. Among HIV infected persons the pooled percentage of TB patients dying due to TB was 9.2% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.7%-14.7%) and among HIV uninfected persons 3.0% (95% CI: 21.2%-7.4%) based on the results of eight and three studies respectively providing data for this analyses. The pooled percentage of TB patients dying during TB treatment was 18.8% (95% CI: 14.8%-22.8%) among HIV infected patients and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.0%-4.92%) among HIV uninfected patients based on the results of 27 and 19 studies respectively. Conclusion: The results of the literature review are useful in generating prior distributions of CFR in countries with vital registration systems and have contributed towards revised estimates of TB mortality This literature review did not provide us with all data needed for a valid estimation of TB CFR in TB patients initiating TB treatmen
Yield of pulmonary tuberculosis cases by employing two screening methods in a community survey
OBJECTIVE: To compare the yield of tuberculosis (TB)
cases by two screening methods.
SETTING: Two disease surveys conducted in Tiruvallur,
south India.
RESULTS: Of bacteriologically confirmed cases, 60%
were identified by symptom inquiry alone whereas 82%
were identified using chest radiography (CXR).
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TB was underestimated
by both methods. The total cases in this community
can be estimated by multiplying the number of identified
cases by a correction factor (CF) of 1.7 when
symptom inquiry alone is used or 1.2 when CXR is used.
The CF may be different in other settings
Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in South India
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with relapse
among cured tuberculosis (TB) patients in a DOTS
programme in South India.
DESIGN: Sputum samples collected from a cohort of TB
patients registered between April 2000 and December
2001 were examined by fluorescence microscopy for acidfast
bacilli and by culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
at 6, 12 and 18 months after treatment completion.
RESULTS: Of the 534 cured patients, 503 (94%) were
followed up for 18 months after treatment completion.
Of these, 62 (12%) relapsed during the 18-month period;
48 (77%) of the 62 relapses occurred during the
first 6 months of follow-up. Patients who took treatment
irregularly were twice more likely to have a relapse than
adherent patients (20% vs. 9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]
2.5; 95%CI 1.4–4.6). Other independent predictors of
relapse were initial drug resistance to isoniazid and/or
rifampicin (aOR 4.8; 95%CI 2.0–11.6) and smoking
(aOR 3.1; 95%CI 1.6–6.0). The relapse rate among nonsmoking,
treatment adherent patients with drug-sensitive
organisms was 4.8%.
CONCLUSIONS: The relapse rate under the DOTS programme
may be reduced by ensuring that patients take
their treatment regularly and are counselled effectively
about quitting smoking
A baseline survey of the prevalence of tuberculosis in a community in south India at the commencement of a DOTS programme
OBJECTIVE: To determine the baseline prevalence of
culture-positive and smear-positive tuberculosis and the
annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI) in a community
in south India where DOTS is being implemented.
METHODS: Using cluster sampling, 50 rural panchayats
(villages) and three urban units in Tiruvallur district were
selected randomly. All adults aged �15 years underwent
symptom and radiographic examination, and those with
abnormal shadows and/or chest symptoms had sputum
smear and culture examination. In another cluster sample
of 73 villages and three urban units, all children aged �10
years were tuberculin tested.
RESULTS: The prevalence of culture-positive and smearpositive
tuberculosis was respectively 605 and 323/
100 000. Both increased appreciably with age, and were
substantially higher in males than in females at all ages;
the overall male:female ratio was 5.5 for culture-positive
and 6.5 for smear-positive tuberculosis. The ARTI in children
aged under 10 years was 1.6%, and was unaffected
by sex. Over three decades there was an overall decline
of 1.8% per annum in the prevalence of culture-positive
and 2.1% for smear-positive tuberculosis.
CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis is a major problem in this
rural community in south India, with a prevalence of
605/100 000 for culture-positive tuberculosis and 323/
100 000 for smear-positive tuberculosis
The prevalence of tuberculosis in different economic strata: a community survey from South India
A cross-sectional socio-economic survey to assess the
standard of living index (SLI) of a rural population in
South India was undertaken along with a tuberculosis
(TB) prevalence survey during 2004–2006. Of 32 780
households, the SLI was low, medium and high in 22%,
36% and 42%, and TB prevalence was 343, 169 and 92
per 100 000 population, respectively, a significant decrease
in trend (P � 0.001); 57% of the TB patients had
a low SLI and the prevalence of TB was higher amongst
the landless (P � 0.001), those living below the poverty
line (P � 0.01) and in katcha houses (P � 0.001), suggesting
that TB disproportionately affects those with a
low SLI
Tuberculous infection in Saharia, a primitive tribal community of Central India
A cross-sectional tuberculin survey was carried out to estimate the prevalence
of tuberculous infection and the annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) among children of
Saharia, a primitive ethnic group in Madhya Pradesh, Central India. A total of 1341 children aged
1—9 years were subjected to tuberculin testing with 1 TU of PPD RT 23 and the reaction sizes
were read after 72 h. The proportion of BCG scar-positive children was 34.6%. The frequency
distribution of children by reaction sizes indicated a clear-cut anti-mode at 11mm and a mode
at 18mm at the right-hand side of the distribution. The prevalence of infection among children
irrespective of BCG scar was estimated as 20.4% (95% CI 18.2—22.5%) and the ARTI was 3.9%
(95% CI 3.5—4.3%). The corresponding figures were 21.1% (95% CI 18.3—23.8%) and 3.9% (95%
CI 3.4—4.5%) among BCG scar-negative children and 19.0% (95% CI 15.4—22.5%) and 4.0% (95%
CI 3.2—4.8%) among BCG scar-positive children. The findings of the present study show a high
prevalence of tuberculous infection and high ARTI in this primitive ethnic group. There is an
urgent need to further intensify tuberculosis control measures on a sustained and long-term
basis in this area
Annual risk of tuberculosis infection among tribal population of central India
objective To estimate the annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) among tribal children of
Madhya Pradesh, central India.
methods Community-based, cross-sectional tuberculin survey among children aged 1–9 years in the
tribal population of Madhya Pradesh. Multistage stratified cluster sampling was used to select a
representative random sample of villages predominated by tribal population from selected districts. A total
of 4802 children were tuberculin-tested with 1TU of PPD RT 23 and the reaction sizes read after 72 h.
results A total of 3062 (64%) children had no BCG scar. The frequency distribution of children by
reaction sizes indicated a fair mode at 18 mm in the right hand side of the distribution. By mirror-image
technique, the prevalence of infection among children with no recognizable BCG scar was estimated as
6.8% (95% CI: 4.8–8.9%). The ARTI was computed as 1.3% (0.9–1.7%). The corresponding figures for
children irrespective of scar status were 7.1% (95% CI: 5.5–8.8%) and 1.3% (1.0–1.7%) respectively.
conclusions The risk of tuberculosis infection in tribal population of Madhya Pradesh, central India is
not different from other areas of the country. There is, however, a need to further intensify tuberculosis
control measures on a sustained and long-term basis