Eco-friendly and versatile brominating reagent prepared from a liquid bromine precursor

Facile bromination of various organic substrates has been demonstrated with a 2 : 1 bromide:bromate reagent prepared from the alkaline intermediate of the conventional bromine recovery process. The reagent is acidified in situ to generate HOBr as the reactive species, which effects bromination. Aromatic substrates that have been successfully brominated under ambient conditions without use of any catalyst include phenols, anilines, aromatic ethers and even benzene. Non-aromatic compounds bearing active methylene group were monobrominated selectively with the present reagent and olefinic compounds were converted into the corresponding bromohydrins in moderate yields. By obtaining the present reagent from the liquid bromine precursor, the twin advantages of avoiding liquid bromine and producing the reagent in a cost-effective manner are realised. When coupled with the additional advantage of high bromine atom efficiency, the present protocol becomes attractive all the way from "cradle to grave"

Performance of layers on sorghum-based poultry feed rations

In this study, Sorghum bicolor cultivars CSV 15, PSV 16, CSH 16 and S 35 were supplied to farmers in Mahabubnagar and Ranga Reddy districts in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003 for poultry feed trials. Sorghum replaced maize at 0, 50 and 100% levels, including a 100% replacement + 3% Stylosanthes (Stylo) of the control diet. 500 chicks were divided into 42 groups with 6 treatments at 0, 50 and 100% sorghum diets in mash and pelleted forms

Performance of broilers on sorghum-based diets

The effect of replacing maize with sorghum grain on the performance of broilers was studied. Grain from 4 improved Sorghum bicolor cultivars (CSH 16, CSV 15, PSV 16 and S 35) and one traditional yellow variety were used to replace maize (control diet) in the starter (1-4 weeks) and finisher rations (5-6 weeks) of broilers by 50, 75 and 100% levels. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and were homogeneous for lysine, methionine and cystine levels. One-day-old 512 commercial Cobb female broilers were divided into 64 groups with 16 dietary treatments and 4 replicates per treatment, with 8 birds in each. In a second trial, sorghum replacement was conducted without homogenizing the diets for nitrogen and energy contents. The study lasted for 6 weeks. It was shown that the liveweight gain and feed intake of broilers was statistically similar in sorghum diets at all inclusion levels compared to the control diet. However, the feed conversion efficiency of broilers in the 100% sorghum diet was significantly higher compared to the maize diet (P=0.05). A better feed conversion efficiency was found with the CSV 15, CSH 16, PSV 16 and the local cultivars at 100% inclusion levels. However, the yellow pigmentation of the skin and carcass of the broilers was better in the maize diet compared to the sorghum diets. Cost varied among and within cultivars at different inclusion levels, and was lower in CSV 15, PSV 16, S 35 and local sorghum cultivar-based diets. Cost was also much lower in CSV 15, PSV 16 and local sorghum cultivars at 100% inclusion level compared to maize. Feed cost per kg liveweight gain was lower with CSV 15 (Rs 17.16) and PSV 16 cultivars (Rs 17.62) compared to maize (Rs 18.02). Although pelleting increased feed costs (by Rs 0.25/kg), it also improved broiler production efficiency compared to mash in sorghum diets. Inclusion of Stylosanthes sp. leaf meal at 3% in 100% sorghum-based diets favourably improved the shank and skin colour of the carcass. Carcass yield and abdominal fat of broilers fed sorghum, sorghum + Stylosanthes sp. and maize diets were similar. In conclusion, the inclusion/replacement of sorghum in maize-based diets and pelleting improves the feed conversion ratio and decreases the total feed costs in broiler production

I<SUP>-</SUP>/IO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> assemblies as promoters of iodohydrin formation

The direct conversion of olefins to their corresponding iodohydrins is efficient with I-/IO3- assemblies in an aqueous acidic medium. Iodohydrins were obtained in moderately good yields at ambient reaction conditions without employing any metal catalysts. The addition of IOH across the olefin follows the Morkovnikov's rule

Electrochemical studies of 1-cyc1opropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7 -(N-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid and its synthetic precursors

553-562Electrochemical studies of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(N-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid 5 and its synthetic precursors. viz.. 2. 4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone 1, 3-cyclopropylamino-2-(2.4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl)acrylic acid methyl ester 2, 7-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 3 and 7-chloro-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid 4 are reported. Plausible electrochemical mechanism for the reduction of the series of compounds is suggested based on cyclic  voltammetry, coulometry and spectral studies. The role of resonance isomerism aided by intramolecular hydrogen bonding and aromaticity, in the electrochemistry of compounds 2-5, is discussed. The acid-base equilibria of the compounds are revisited based on PCMODEL MMX Molecular Energy Minimisation Software and cyclic voltammetry. An excellent e1ectroanalytical method in differential pulse  polarography for the quantitative analysis of the drug 5 and its synthetic precursors 1- <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-IN">4 is developed.</span