The large-scale modulation of cosmic rays in mid-1982: Its dependence on heliospheric longitude and radius

Near solar maximum, a series of large radial solar wind shocks in June and July 1982 provided a unique opportunity to study the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays with an array of spacecraft widely separated both in heliocentric radius and longitude. By eliminating hysteresis effects it is possible to begin to separate radial and azimuthal effects in the outer heliosphere. On the large scale, changes in modulation (both the increasing and recovery phases) propagate outward at close to the solar wind velocity, except for the near-term effects of solar wind shocks, which may propagate at a significantly higher velocity. In the outer heliosphere, azimuthal effects are small in comparison with radial effects for large-scale modulation at solar maximum

Changes in leadership self-efficacy, leader identity, capacity for socially responsible leadership, and curiosity due to a structured leader development program

As the study of leadership evolves, it is vital to consider adult development; specifically student leadership development. This study examined changes over time in undergraduate students’ leadership self-efficacy, leader identity, and socially responsible leadership capacity. As a component of motivation to learn, curiosity breadth and depth were included to explore how the “positive approach to new information” relates to individual leader growth. This research helps explain how leader identity fits into a student leader development model as an outcome and as a contributor to future leader identity growth and engagement with leadership tasks. A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs was used to study student leadership capacity development due to participation in a structured semester-long leadership development program that was based on student-specific theoretical models. Participants in the program and a control group of similarly-aged students from a mid-sized comprehensive university completed surveys at three time points over a six-month period. Past participants in the program and a senior-level control group completed a single survey approximately two years following the past participants’ completion of the leadership development program. The extent to which students describe themselves as leaders and the certainty with which they perceive themselves as leaders contributed the most to their growth over time. Students who enter college with a higher level of leader identity may have a tendency to grow at a higher rate in that identity throughout college. Citizenship and depth of curiosity may play a role in leader identity development. Students higher in consciousness of self, citizenship, and breadth of curiosity are more inclined to engage in personal leadership tasks. Recent and past program participants showed greater differences in levels of leadership self-efficacy, leadership self-identity, and leader identity stage than the control groups. Results partially supported existing research that leadership development programs produce growth in students’ leadership capacity and leadership self-efficacy. In addition, results indicated that early development of leader identity is an integral part of the overall picture of leadership capacity, adding specificity to the body of literature related to college student leadership development. New paths of inquiry were provided for practitioners and scholars

The 1973-1984 Solar Modulation of Cosmic Ray Nuclei

As a continuation of the program of solar modulation studies, new measurements were carried out with the cosmic ray telescope on the Earth satellite IMP-8, of the intensity time variations and the energy spectra of galactic cosmic ray protons, helium, carbon and oxygen from 1980 through 1984 including the recent solar maximum. In order to test the applicability of a steady state model of solar modulation during a period which includes times of rapidly changing modulation, these fluxes were equated with the predictions of a conventional model of solar modulation which assumes equilibrium between modulation mechanisms. It is found that for a reasonable range of variations of the diffusion coefficient the model predictions can be made to agree with the measurements at essentially all times during the studied period. The model can account also for the observed hysteresis effects between cosmic rays of different rigidities

Galactic cosmic ray radial gradients and the anomalous He component near maximum solar modulation and to radii beyond 34 AU from the Sun

Radial gradients for relativistic galactic cosmic rays (E 70 MeV) remained nearly constant at approx. 2.5%/AU from 1978-84, which includes the period of maximum solar modulation in 1981-82. For energies 30-70 MeV/n, gradients decreased at solar maximum to values of 1%/AU (protons) and 4%/AU (helium), and appear to be increasing again in 1983-84 toward the values found for solar minimum. The anomalous helium component has not reappeared, either at 1 AU or at Pioneer 10 at R 34 AU

Ozone Response to Aircraft Emissions: Sensitivity Studies with Two-dimensional Models

Our first intercomparison/assessment of the effects of a proposed high-speed civil transport (HSCT) fleet on the stratosphere is presented. These model calculations should be considered more as sensitivity studies, primarily designed to serve the following purposes: (1) to allow for intercomparison of model predictions; (2) to focus on the range of fleet operations and engine specifications giving minimal environmental impact; and (3) to provide the basis for future assessment studies. The basic scenarios were chosen to be as realistic as possible, using the information available on anticipated developments in technology. They are not to be interpreted as a commitment or goal for environmental acceptability

Anticipation, Autonomic Regulation, and ACEs

Stress and anticipation are some of the most commonly talked about topics in the current age of self-help and wellness. Anticipatory stress has been found to aid in autonomic regulation and stress relief (Nasso et al., 2018). What’s more, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been previously associated with a blunted response to stress, but the mechanisms have not been investigated. The primary aim of this study was to identify if the anticipation of a stressor significantly influenced an individual’s autonomic response. Additionally, it sought to identify any correlation between childhood trauma and individuals’ stress response. Participants were comprised of undergraduate students at Belmont University. Heart rate was measured using an ECG through a BIOPAC system. ACE scores were collected through an ACE survey administered through Qualtrics in which students could answer “yes” or “no” to given questions. The expected results indicate that the presence of a stressful event may not influence an individual\u27s stress response. Further, the presence of a stressful event may not correlate with autonomic regulation time. These findings are inconsistent with the results gathered in previous studies. However, the results may aid in future research concerning anticipatory stress, autonomic regulation, and ACEs