Attachment goes to court: child protection and custody issues

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration

El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil1

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration

Attachment goes to court: child protection and custody issues

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration

Finance in the supply chain : theoretical approach

Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy i wyciągniecie wniosków dotyczących zastosowania finansów łańcucha dostaw (ang. Supply Chain Finance, SCF). Według autorek istnieje potrzeba dokonania systematyzacji i krytycznej oceny dotychczasowych badań nad finansami łańcuchów dostaw. W wyniku przeprowadzonych studiów zostały wyróżnione główne obszary: metody zarządzania finansami łańcucha dostaw oraz skutki zastosowania tej koncepcji. Podjęte analizy wskazują również na kierunki dalszych badań.The cognitive goal of the paper is to derive implications and guidance on the application of the supply chain finance (SCF). According to the authors, there is a demand to systematize and critically evaluate previous research into the supply chain finance. The main areas distinguished as a result of the studies are: methods of managing the supply chain finances and the effects of applying this concept. Summing up the considerations, the authors suggest direction of further research

The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determination of polyols in fermentation broth

Alkohole (etanol, butanol, 1,3-propanodiol, 2,3-butanodiol, glicerol), kwasy organiczne (kw. cytrynowy, kw. bursztynowy, kw. mlekowy, kw. propionowy, kw. masłowy), cukry (glukoza), a także acetoinę rozdzielano na kolumnie Aminex HPX-87H przy zastosowaniu dwóch detektorów - refraktometrycznego i UV-DAD pracujących w układzie szeregowym. Badano wpływ poszczególnych parametrów chromatograficznych na jakość rozdziału. Wyznaczono niektóre parametry walidacyjne dla zaproponowanej metody. Opracowana metoda pozwala na jakościową analizę wielu substancji w brzeczkach fermentacyjnych w szczególności, gdy niektóre z nich koeluują ze sobą.Alcohols (ethanol, butanol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and glycerol), organic acids (citric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid), sugar (glucose) and acetoin were separated on an Aminex HPX-87H column using two detectors: refractive index detector and UV-DAD detector. The influence of chromatographic parameters on chromatographic separation was analyzed. Some validation parameters for proposed method were determined

Role of the EFSA in risk management system regarding food contact materials and articles

Rola Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności (EFSA) w systemie zarządzania ryzykiem w odniesieniu do materiałów i wyrobów przeznaczonych do kontaktu z żywnością polega na dokonywaniu dla potrzeb Komisji Europejskiej oceny substancji w zakresie bezpieczeństwa ich stosowania. Zasady uzyskiwania zezwoleń na stosowanie nowej substancji w materiałach i wyrobach przeznaczonych do kontaktu z żywnością, na podstawie opinii EFSA, są określone w Rozporządzeniu (WE) nr 1935/2004. W celu oceny substancji brane są pod uwagę jej właściwości toksykologiczne oraz wielkość migracji do płynów modelowych imitujących działanie środków spożywczych. Obejmują one badania toksykologiczne substancji w zakresie działania mutagennego w warunkach in vitro, toksyczności przewlekłej i rakotwórczości, a także badania absorpcji, dystrybucji, metabolizmu i wydalania substancji oraz jej oddziaływania na reprodukcję i inne. Zakres wymaganych danych toksykologicznych zależy od wielkości migracji substancji. Na podstawie opinii EFSA Komisja wydaje zezwolenie wspólnotowe poprzez zamieszczenie substancji w wykazie dozwolonych. Niekiedy dopuszczone substancje wymagają ponownej oceny, ze względu na nowe właściwości toksykologiczne lub stwierdzoną w żywności obecność nieznanych wcześniej produktów ich rozkładu. Podano przykłady wybranych substancji, które wymagały ponownej oceny EFSA w świetle aktualnej wiedzy i działania podjęte przez Komisję Europejską.The role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in the risk management system regarding food contact materials and articles is related with the risk assessment of the substances for the European Commission. General rules for the authorisation of substances used in materials and articles intended to contact with food is established in the Regulation (EC) no 1935/2004. For the evaluation of substances their toxicological properties and magnitude of migration into food simulants is taken into account. Toxicological studies include the mutagenicity tests, oral toxicity studies, carcinogenicity, reproduction and also studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the substance and other studies when needed. The set of the relevant toxicological data for substance depends on the magnitude of migration. In the case of positive opinion by EFSA the substance appears on the Community list of authorised substances. Sometimes, the earlier evaluated and authorized substances must undergo re-evaluation due to their new toxicological properties or as a result of a presence in the food of their earlier unknown decomposition products. Examples of the selected substances which underwent re-evaluation by EFSA in the light of the current toxicological knowledge and the relevant activities undertaken by the European Commission have been presented