Numerical study of mode conversion between lower hybrid and whistler waves on short-scale density striations

We present a theoretical and numerical study of linear mode conversion of lower hybrid waves interacting with short-scale density striations in the Earth's ionosphere. The efficiency of the conversion process is investigated for different sets of parameters such as the angle of incidence, the wavelength of the lower hybrid wave, and the size of the striation. It is found that the most efficient whistler generation occurs at a critical angle of incidence where the whistler waves are driven resonantly along the density striations, and when the product of the striation width and the wave number of the lower hybrid wave is of the order unity. It is suggested that whistlers generated as a byproduct of upper hybrid F-region ionospheric heating can be observed on the ground and by satellites. The generated whistlers could be important for the precipitation of energetic electrons in the radiation belts

Refugees, trauma and adversity-activated development

The nature of the refugee phenomenon is examined and the position of mental health professionals is located in relation to it. The various uses of the word 'trauma' are explored and its application to the refugee context is examined. It is proposed that refugees' response to adversity is not limited to being traumatized but includes resilience and Adversity-Activated Development (AAD). Particular emphasis is given to the distinction between resilience and AAD. The usefulness of the 'Trauma Grid' in the therapeutic process with refugees is also discussed. The Trauma Grid avoids global impressions and enables a more comprehensive and systematic way of identifying the individual refugee's functioning in the context of different levels, i.e. individual, family, community and society/culture. Finally, I discuss implications for therapeutic work with refugees

A model of applied physiotherapy in patellofemoral pain

Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is a very common knee condition with various aetiologies. This short communication facilitates a ‘collective’ case study approach that draws together a range of evidence from different ‘cases’. These cases are defined as areas of evidence underpinning PFP management as an applied physiotherapy phenomenon. This communication reports the complexity of PFP in terms of the (i) evidence-base, (ii) the application of clear guidance, (iii) the actions of physiotherapists in the applied field context and (iv) and the fundamental dissonance rather than bridging of the evidence-base and applied practice. A model of applied physiotherapy is presented that articulates how PFP should be viewed as a complex intervention and that a modified Promoting Action on Research Implementation (PARIHS) framework should be utilised to address the deficits of clinical practice