Comparative effects of homoplastic pituitary pars distalis homogenate (PDH), pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), growth hormone (GH), PMSG + GH, and HCG + GH on oocyte recruitment and development in the long-term hypophysectomized frog, Rana cyanophlyctis (Schn)

Follicular development and oocyte recruitment were studied in the ovaries of long-term (2 months) hypophysectomized frogs Rana cyanophlyctis during the postbreeding season (October/November). The effects of homoplastic pituitary pars distalis homogenate (PDH) (1 pituitary per frog), 40 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), 40 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), 10 µg growth hormone (GH), 40 IU PMSG + 10 μg GH, and 40 IU HCG + 10 µg GH in 0.2 ml saline on oocyte growth and recruitment were also studied in these frogs. Injections (ip) were given on alternate days for 30 days, with autopsy on the 31st day. The frogs were fed with minced thigh muscles of other frogs and injected twice a week with 0.02 IU adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in 0.2 ml saline to maintain their health. One month after hypophysectomy there was a significant reduction in the weight of the ovaries and oviducts, mean diameter of the largest oocytes, and the total number of oocytes in the ovaries. Oogonial mitosis was not impaired. In 2-month hypophysectomized saline-treated frogs, oocyte growth occurred and as a result there was an increase in the mean size. Also, the total number of oocytes in the ovaries increased compared to 1-month hypophysectomized controls. HCG induced maximum recruitment of oocytes from first growth phase (FGP) to second growth phase (SGP) but the number of oocytes in the ovary remained unchanged. In contrast, PMSG induced the recruitment of FGP oocytes and to a lesser extent SGP oocytes. Thus, PMSG, unlike HCG, caused a significant increase in the total number of oocytes in the ovary. Bovine GH alone had no effect on the recruitment of FGP or SGP oocytes but it enhanced the gonadotrophic action of PMSG and HCG when given in combination. The PDH caused a greater stimulation of the ovary by inducing the recruitment of both FGP and SGP oocytes in the long-term hypophysectomized frogs. The percentage of oocytes undergoing atresia was considerably reduced following PDH, PMSG, HCG, and even GH treatment. The decrease in the weight of the oviduct caused by hypophysectomy was not overcome by any of the hormone treatments. The present findings suggest that in R. cyanophlyctis oogonial proliferation may be independent of hypophysial hormones and show that recruitment of FGP and SGP oocytes can be induced in long-term hypophysectomized frogs using PDH, PMSG, and HCG. These findings support the view that the recruitment of FGP oocytes is influenced by the ovarian condition (absence of SGP oocytes) and that there exists an intraovarian mechanism to regulate recruitment of FGP oocytes in anurans

Seasonal variation in oocyte recruitment and development in long-term hypophysectomized frog (Rana cyanophlyctis) in response to homoplastic pituitary pars distalis homogenate and exogenous hormones

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The luteotrophic effect of homoplastic pituitary pars distalis homogenate, PMSG, and HCG on the corpora lutea of the hypophysectomized frog, Rana cyanophlyctis (SCHN)

The effect of homoplastic pituitary pars distalis homogenate (PDH), PMSG, and HCG on the postovulatory follicles/corpora lutea (CL) of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis was studied to elucidate the factors regulating the life span of the luteal cells. Ovulation and spawning was induced in hypophysectomized frogs using PDH. Starting from Day 1 of spawning ½ PDH, 50 IU PMSG, or 50 IU HCG was injected daily for 3 days. In the saline-injected control frogs, the granulosa lutein cells regressed markedly on Day 2 with a steady progressive increase in the pycnosis of their nuclei. The sudanophilic lipid droplets of the luteal cells were fine on Day 1 but became coarser and reduced in number on subsequent days. Histochemically, the luteal cell 3β -HSDH and G-6-PDH also decreased drastically by Day 2. In PDH-treated frogs the granulosa lutein cells were healthy on all 4 days of the experiment. The nuclear diameter of the luteal cells increased progressively due to PDH. The pycnosis of the luteal cells was limited to 7.6% on Day 4 due to PDH as opposed to 68% seen in the controls. Histochemically, 3β -HSDH and G-6-PDH activities remained much higher than in the controls with abundant sudanophilic lipids (both fine and coarse) in the luteal cells of PDH treated frogs even on Day 4. PMSG treatment also maintained the granulosa lutein cells beyond their normal life span but the luteotrophic effect was less than that of PDH. HCG was least effective. The present studies suggest that the structural integrity of CL in the frog can be extended beyond the normal life span by injecting PDH or PMSG

Frequency of feeding and formation of bone growth marks in<b> </b>frog, <i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">Rana cyanophlyctis </span></i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">(Schn.)</span>

1074-1076<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Frogs, R. cyanophlyctis(n = 45) divided into four groups, were exposed to different feeding regimens ( live guppies were used as food ) such as, daily,  alternate day, every fourth day and weekly feeding for 5 months, during wet months of the year (April -September). Two toe clippings were made, one at the beginning and the other at the termination of the experiment. Clipped toes were demineralized, and processed for histology. In 6 out of 45 frogs one line of arrested growth (LAG) was present in the phalangeal histology at the beginning of the experiment while, at the termination of experiment 34 out of 43 frogs exhibited one LAG each indicating that in 26 frogs LAG <span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">appeared f<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">reshly during the experimental period. The fact that LAGs are formed in regularly fed frogs suggests the humid weather /seasonal rain fall may play relatively important role than the feeding in cyclic bone growth and formation of growth marks in this frog.</span

A histochemical study of the ovary of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis (Schn.)

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Ovarian cycle in the frog Rana cyanophlyctis: a quantitative study of follicular kinetics in relation to body mass, oviduct, and fat body cycles

In Rana cyanophlyctis, all stages of oocyte development are present throughout the year owing to continuous and asynchronous gametogenetic activity, but quantitative differences occur in the frequency distribution of the first growth phase (FGP) and second growth phase (SGP) oocytes. The number of SGP oocytes influences ovarian weight; therefore, seasonal changes in the number of SGP oocytes and ovarian mass are correlated. Mean ovarian weight and gonadosomatic index follow comparable changes during the annual cycle. The body mass of the frog undergoes only minor seasonal variations. Also, the body mass does not influence the number of oocytes in the frog. Small FGP oocytes always formed the dominant type in the ovary. Only 20-0% of FGP oocytes were recruited to SGP stage during the prebreeding months (March-April). The breeding season extends over 2- months (July-September) and an adult R. cyanophlyctis spawns 3,000-,500 eggs of 1,300-1,350 µm diameter in size. The breeding is not followed by any resting period, and therefore oogonial proliferation and recruitment of FGP oocytes start soon after the breeding months (October-December). Atretic oocytes are present in all months but their number is greatest during prebreeding and breeding months. The frequency distribution of oocytes in the right and the left ovaries is identical. The oviducts undergo seasonal changes that are correlated with ovarian weight, whereas the fat body cycle is inversely related to ovarian weight

Effect of hypophysectomy on fat body of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis (Schn.) during vitellogenic growth phase

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<span style="font-size: 21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black">Effect of androgens on oviductal growth in skipper frog <i>Rana cyanophlyctis</i> </span>

933-935<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" color:black"="">Effects of exogenous androgens (testosterone, testosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone) and <span style="font-size:13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;color:black"="">estradiol-17β<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;="" color:black"=""> <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";color:black"="">on the oviductal growth/hypertrophy were studied in young and bilaterally ovariectomized (BLO) adult frogs <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";color:black"="">(Rana cyanophlyctis) during postbreeding phase of the reproductive cycle. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;="" color:black"="">Estradiol-17<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:hiddenhorzocr;="" color:black"="">β<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt; font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" hiddenhorzocr;color:black"=""> <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";color:black"="">injections induced oviductal hypertrophy to the maximal extent among hormone treated groups. In androgen treated frogs also there was an increase in the oviductal dry weight and protein content both in young and BLO adult frogs, suggesting the role of endogenous androgens in <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";color:black"="">controlling the growth of oviduct in <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";color:black"="">R. cyanophlyctis. </span