Observations of giant outbursts from Cygnus X-1

We present interplanetary network localization, spectral, and time history information for 7 episodes of exceptionally intense gamma-ray emission from Cygnus X-1. The outbursts occurred between 1995 and 2003, with durations up to \~28000 seconds. The observed 15 - 300 keV peak fluxes and fluences reached 3E-7 erg /cm2 s, and 8E-4 erg / cm2 respectively. By combining the triangulations of these outbursts we derive an ~1700 square arcminute (3 sigma) error ellipse which contains Cygnus X-1 and no other known high energy sources. The outbursts reported here occurred both when Cyg X-1 was in the hard state as well as in the soft one, and at various orbital phases. The spectral data indicate that these outbursts display the same parameters as those of the underlying hard and soft states, suggesting that they represent another manifestation of these states.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures. Revised version. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, tentatively scheduled for October 20, 2003 Part

Multi-Wavelength Studies of the Optically Dark Gamma-Ray Burst 001025A

We identify the fading X-ray afterglow of GRB 001025A from XMM-Newton observations obtained 1.9-2.3 days, 2 years, and 2.5 years after the burst. The non-detection of an optical counterpart to an upper limit of R=25.5, 1.20 days after the burst, makes GRB 001025A a ``dark'' burst. Based on the X-ray afterglow spectral properties of GRB 001025A, we argue that some bursts appear optically dark because their afterglow is faint and their cooling frequency is close to the X-ray band. This interpretation is applicable to several of the few other dark bursts where the X-ray spectral index has been measured. The X-ray afterglow flux of GRB 001025A is an order of magnitude lower than for typical long-duration gamma-ray bursts. The spectrum of the X-ray afterglow can be fitted with an absorbed synchrotron emission model, an absorbed thermal plasma model, or a combination thereof. For the latter, an extrapolation to optical wavelengths can be reconciled with the R-band upper limit on the afterglow, without invoking any optical circumburst absorption, provided the cooling frequency is close to the X-ray band. Alternatively, if the X-ray afterglow is due to synchrotron emission only, seven magnitudes of extinction in the observed R-band is required to meet the R-band upper limit, making GRB 001025A much more obscured than bursts with detected optical afterglows. Based on the column density of X-ray absorbing circumburst matter, an SMC gas-to-dust ratio is insufficient to produce this amount of extinction. The X-ray tail of the prompt emission enters a steep temporal decay excluding that the tail of the prompt emission is the onset of the afterglow (abridged).Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures, ApJ in pres

On the Possibility of Identification of a Short/Hard Burst GRB 051103 with the Giant Flare from a Soft Gamma Repeater in the M81 Group of Galaxies

The light curve, energy characteristics, and localization of a short/hard GRB 051103 burst are considered. Evidence in favor of identifying this event with a giant flare from a soft gamma repeater in the nearby M81 group of interacting galaxies is discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy Letters, correction of a typo on page

Giant Flare in SGR 1806-20 and Its Compton Reflection from the Moon

We analyze the data obtained when the Konus-Wind gamma-ray spectrometer detected a giant flare in SGR 1806-20 on December 27, 2004. The flare is similar in appearance to the two known flares in SGR 0526-66 and SGR 1900+14 while exceeding them significantly in intensity. The enormous X-ray and gamma-ray flux in the narrow initial pulse of the flare leads to almost instantaneous deep saturation of the gamma-ray detectors, ruling out the possibility of directly measuring the intensity, time profile, and energy spectrum of the initial pulse. In this situation, the detection of an attenuated signal of Compton back-scattering of the initial pulse emission by the Moon with the Helicon gamma-ray spectrometer onboard the Coronas-F satellite was an extremely favorable circumstance. Analysis of this signal has yielded the most reliable temporal, energy, and spectral characteristics of the pulse. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the pulsating flare tail have been determined from Konus-Wind data. Its soft spectra have been found to contain also a hard power-law component extending to 10 MeV. A weak afterglow of SGR 1806-20 decaying over several hours is traceable up to 1 MeV. We also consider the overall picture of activity of SGR 1806-20 in the emission of recurrent bursts before and after the giant flare.Comment: 29 pages including 18 figures; to appear in Astronomy Letters, 2007, 33, p 1-1

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR IN ELDERLY RESIDENTS OF YAKUTSK

Bone fractures of the skeleton with a minor injury is a clinical manifestation of osteoporosis and its population-based marker. The incidence of hip fracture varies in different geographic areas and ethnic groups. The aim was to study incidence of hip fractures in patients older than 40 years in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia, Russian federation) in 2011-2013 and to compare the data with the previous study at the same region performed in 1997-2003. Material and methods. The study is a part of a multi-center international project «Epidemiological study of osteoporotic fractures in Eurasia (EVA).» It was a retrospective study followed by a prospective one. In the retrospective part the information on hip fracture cases registered in the official documents of the orthopedic service in 2011-2012 was collected. The prospective part was conducted in 2013, it was aimed at the identification of the patients with a hip fracture, applied not only in orthopedic department but also to other medical professionals, such as general practitioners. Results. Overall, in three years 426 hip fractures were reported in the city of Yakutsk. The total number of fractures in women was 286 (67.1%), in men - 140 (32.9%). We observed the increase in hip fracture incidence in 2013 (192 cases per 100,000 population in men and 283 per 100,000 in women 50 years old and older) which was 12% higher than in 2011 and 2012. We owe it to improved registration of hip fractures in the group of women 85 years old and older. The hip fracture incidence in this study significantly exceed the data of previous study 15 years ago. Conclusion. In recent years, there is an increase in incidence rates of hip fracture in Yakutsk due to improved hospitalization rates in orthopedic service