Shear Wave Splitting Analysis to Estimate Fracture Orientation and Frequency Dependent Anisotropy

Shear wave splitting is a well-known method for indication of orientation, radius, and length of fractures in subsurface layers. In this paper, a three component near offset VSP data acquired from a fractured sandstone reservoir in southern part of Iran was used to analyse shear wave splitting and frequency-dependent anisotropy assessment. Polarization angle obtained by performing rotation on radial and transverse components of VSP data was used to determine the direction of polarization of fast shear wave which corresponds to direction of fractures. It was shown that correct implementation of shear wave splitting analysis can be used for determination of fracture direction. During frequency- dependent anisotropy analysis, it was found that the time delays in shear- waves decrease as the frequency increases. It was clearly demonstrated throughout this study that anisotropy may have an inverse relationship with frequency. The analysis presented in this paper complements the studied conducted by other researchers in this field of research

Flexible computation of teleseismic synthetics for source and structural studies

The modelling of P and S arrivals at teleseismic distances, for shallow sources, requires the consideration of the interaction of the direct arrivals and their surface reflections (pP, sP and pS, sS). A flexible computational scheme has been developed t

Source Depth and Mechanism Inversion at Teleseismic Distances Using a Neighborhood Algorithm

We performed nonlinear waveform inversion for source depth, time function, and mechanism, by modeling direct P and S waves and corresponding surface reflections at teleseismic distances. This technique was applied to moderate size events, and so we make use of short period or broadband records, and utilize SV waveforms in addition to P and SH. For the inversion we used a direct search method called the neighborhood algorithm (NA), which requires just two control parameters to guide the search in a conceptually simple manner, and is based on the rank of a user-defined misfit measure. We use a simple generalized ray scheme to calculate synthetic seismograms for comparison with observations, and show that the use of a derivative-free method such as the NA allows us to easily substitute more complex synthetics if necessary. The source mechanism is represented in two different ways; the superposition of a double-couple component with an isotropic component, and a general moment tensor with six independent components. Good results are obtained with both synthetic input data and real data. We achieve good depth resolution and obtain useful constraints on the source-time function and source mechanism, including an isotropic component estimate. Such estimates provide important discriminants between man-made events and earthquakes. We illustrate inversion with real data using two earthquakes, and in both cases the source parameter estimates compare well with the corresponding centroid moment tensor solutions. We also apply our technique to a known nuclear explosion and obtain a very shallow depth estimate and a large isotropic component

Seismic source characterization using a Neighbourhood Algorithm

The full characterization of a seismic source requires the specification of the hypocentre location and the source mechanism. The non-linear inversion is accomplished in two stages using the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA), a direct search method in parameter space which is able to preferentially sample those regions with least data misfit; there are just two control parameters and no differentiation is employed. The first step is hypocentre location using a 4-D search space and a focussed search strategy. The second step is waveform inversion of the early part of P and S wavetrains to refine source depth and extract the source mechanism. With a moment tensor representation, this second stage explores an 8-D parameter space. For both the hypocentre and source mechanism inversion the NA method provides rapid and effective results with information from just a few stations, as illustrated with an event in southern Xinjiang