Demand for Foreign Exchange Reserves in India: A Co-integration Approach

Using cointegraion and vector error correction approach, we estimate India’s demand for foreign exchange reserves over the period 1983:1-2005:1. Our results establish that the ratio imports to GDP, the ratio of broad money to GDP,exchange rate flexibility and interest rate differential determine India’s long-run reserves demand function. Our empirical results show that reserve accumulation in India is highly sensitive to capital account vulnerability and less sensitive to its opportunity cost. The speed of adjustment coefficient of vector error correction model suggests that Reserve Bank of India has to engage in more active reserve management practices.foreign exchange reserves; capital account vulnerability; current account vulnerability; cointegration

Identification, Speciation, Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Acinetobacter Isolated from Various Clinical Samples received in Microbiology Laboratory, Thanjavur Medical College and Hospital

INTRODUCTION: Acinetobacter has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, known to cause different kinds of opportunistic infections. Acinetobacter species are gram negative, strongly aerobic, non fastidious, catalase positive, oxidase negative, non motile, encapsulated coccobacilli. Acinetobacter baumanni is now recognized to be the species of great clinical importance being capable of causing life threatening infections including pneumonia, septicemia, wound sepsis, urinary tract infection. One of the striking feature of genus Acinetobacter is the ability to develop antibiotic resistant extremely rapid in response to challenge with new antibiotics. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : 1. To know the prevalence of Acinetobacter among various clinical samples. 2. To study different species of Acinetobacter. 3. To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Acinetobacter. 4. To study molecular characterization of Acinetobacter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical samples (urine, blood, pus and sputum) from different wards were inoculated on routine media. Acinetobacter was identified by gram staining ,hanging drop, oxidase, catalase test and other biochemical test. Speciation of Acinetobacter into various genomic species was done by using a battery of biochemical test. Disc Diffusion susceptibility test was performed on Mueller Hinton agar and Molecular characterization by conventional PCR. RESULT: Out of the 4643 culture positive samples, 80 samples were found to be Acinetobacter. The prevalence of Acinetobacter was 1.7%. Acinetobacter baumannii (77.5%) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (22.5%) were the two species isolated. Acinetobacter strains were resistant to Ampicillin (81%), Gentamicin (36%), Amikacin (29%), Cephalexin (86%), Ceftriaxone (44%), Ciprofloxacin (49%), Cotrimoxazole (58%), Chloramphenicol (66%). 8% of the total isolates were resistant to Imipenem. The isolates resistant to imipenem were sensitive to Polymyxin and Colistin. BlaOXA-51, an intrinsic gene of Acinetobacter baumannii, was detected in all the 12 Acinetobacter baumannii strains of both Imipenem sensitive and resistant and not detected in the two Acinetobacter lwoffii strains. CONCLUSION: During routine microbiological work, nonfermentative Gram negative bacilli other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not taken seriously and are considered as contaminants. But the rate of isolation of Acinetobacter indicates its role in nosocomial pathogen. Acinetobacter baumannii has a remarkable ability to upregulate or acquire resistant determinants. Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging pathogen threatening the current antibiotic era

Mean amplitudes of vibration and coriolis coupling constants of some XY<SUB>3</SUB>Z type silicon compounds

A theoretical treatment of the generalised mean-square amplitudes of vibration of some silicon compounds of XY3Z type molecules is presented. The numerical values evaluated for the parallel and perpendicular mean-square amplitudes for all the bonded and non-bonded atom pairs are tabulated. The L matrix elements and Coriolis coefficients have also been evaluated for these molecules

Demand for Foreign Exchange Reserves in India: A Co-integration Approach

Using cointegraion and vector error correction approach, we estimate India’s demand for foreign exchange reserves over the period 1983:1-2005:1. Our results establish that the ratio imports to GDP, the ratio of broad money to GDP,exchange rate flexibility and interest rate differential determine India’s long-run reserves demand function. Our empirical results show that reserve accumulation in India is highly sensitive to capital account vulnerability and less sensitive to its opportunity cost. The speed of adjustment coefficient of vector error correction model suggests that Reserve Bank of India has to engage in more active reserve management practices

Demand for Foreign Exchange Reserves in India: A Co-integration Approach

Using cointegraion and vector error correction approach, we estimate India’s demand for foreign exchange reserves over the period 1983:1-2005:1. Our results establish that the ratio imports to GDP, the ratio of broad money to GDP,exchange rate flexibility and interest rate differential determine India’s long-run reserves demand function. Our empirical results show that reserve accumulation in India is highly sensitive to capital account vulnerability and less sensitive to its opportunity cost. The speed of adjustment coefficient of vector error correction model suggests that Reserve Bank of India has to engage in more active reserve management practices

Antifungal mechanisms by which a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine toxin kills Candida albicans in biofilms

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces several phenazines including the recently described 5-methyl-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5MPCA), which exhibits a novel antibiotic activity towards pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans . Here we characterize the unique antifungal mechanisms of 5MPCA using its analogue phenazine methosulphate (PMS). Like 5MPCA, PMS induced fungal red pigmentation and killing. Mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that PMS can be covalently modified by amino acids, a process that yields red derivatives. Furthermore, soluble proteins from C. albicans grown with either PMS or P. aeruginosa were also red and demonstrated absorbance and fluorescence spectra similar to that of PMS covalently linked to either amino acids or proteins in vitro , suggesting that 5MPCA modification by protein amine groups occurs in vivo . The red-pigmented C. albicans soluble proteins were reduced by NADH and spontaneously oxidized by oxygen, a reaction that likely generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additional evidence indicated that ROS generation precedes 5MPCA-induced fungal death. Reducing conditions greatly enhanced PMS uptake by C. albicans and killing. Since 5MPCA was more toxic than other phenazines that are not modified, such as pyocyanin, we propose that the covalent binding of 5MPCA promotes its accumulation in target cells and contributes to its antifungal activity in mixed-species biofilms.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79382/1/j.1365-2958.2010.07414.x.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79382/2/MMI_7414_sm_Figures_Table.pd

The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database

This paper describes the contents of the 2016 edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic compilation. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2012 and its updates during the intervening years. The HITRAN molecular absorption compilation is composed of five major components: the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, infrared absorption cross-sections for molecules not yet amenable to representation in a line-by-line form, collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables such as partition sums that apply globally to the data. The new HITRAN is greatly extended in terms of accuracy, spectral coverage, additional absorption phenomena, added line-shape formalisms, and validity. Moreover, molecules, isotopologues, and perturbing gases have been added that address the issues of atmospheres beyond the Earth. Of considerable note, experimental IR cross-sections for almost 300 additional molecules important in different areas of atmospheric science have been added to the database. The compilation can be accessed through www.hitran.org. Most of the HITRAN data have now been cast into an underlying relational database structure that offers many advantages over the long-standing sequential text-based structure. The new structure empowers the user in many, ways. It enables the incorporation of an extended set of fundamental parameters per transition, sophisticated line-shape formalisms, easy user-defined output formats, and very convenient searching, filtering, and plotting of data. A powerful application programming interface making use of structured query language (SQL) features for higher-level applications of HITRAN is also provided. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Corrosion resistance of electrodeposited zinc alloys: A marine exposure study

Considerable efforts are being made to improve the life of galvanised steel suhstrates. Electrodeposited zinc alloy containing nickel or cohalt playa significant role in this aspect and most of the galvanising industries abroad have switched over to these modified processes. ]n addition to offering increased service life they are considered as viable alternative to poisonous cadmium deposits also. Notwithstanding the extensive corrosion testing of these coating under simulative conditions in the laboratory, an elaborate programme of a field testing these superiority over conventional zinc deposit both in the passivated and un-passivated conditions wa.<; performed for 18 months under severe tropical marine conditions at Mandapam Camp. The results confirm that zinc 15% nickel alloy deposit are superior and zinc 1% cobalt deposit are much hetter than zinc deposit<; with respect to their corrosion resistance