Peak Power Output in Loaded Jump Squat Exercise is Affected by Set Structure

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 776-784, 2018. A priority in strength and power exercise might be to train with as high quality as possible for the shortest possible duration. In this context, peak power output could reflect quality. Designing an exercise session as a cluster set structure, as compared to a traditional set structure, may be a way to obtain higher peak power output in the session. But it is unknown whether that is obtainable for non-elite individuals performing loaded jump squat exercise. The aim of the present study was therefore to test the hypothesis that peak power output would be highest in a jump squat exercise session, which was structured with cluster sets, as compared to traditional sets. Ten individuals (2 women, 8 men; 26.5 ± 4.8 years, 1.81 ±0.08 m, 90.9 ± 13.2 kg) performed two loaded jump squat exercise sessions structured with cluster sets and traditional sets, respectively. The sessions were performed on two separate days, in counterbalanced order. The position of the barbell was used to calculate derived values including peak power output. Values calculated as averages across the entire exercise sessions showed peak power output to be 178 ± 181 W, corresponding to 4.1% ± 4.9%, higher in the session with cluster set structure, as compared to the session with traditional set structure (p = 0.005). It was concluded that for non-elite individuals, peak power output was approximately 4% higher in a loaded jump squat exercise session structured with cluster sets as compared to an exercise session structured with traditional sets

Lithium and potassium isotope fractionation during silicate rock dissolution: An experimental approach

This study experimentally investigates the isotopic behaviors of Li and K during the dissolution of silicate rocks (i.e., basalt and granite). Proton-driven dissolution (in 0.8 M HNO3) and ligand-driven dissolution (in 5 mM critic acid or oxalic acid) experiments were performed in batch-closed systems over 15 days. We provide a time-series interpretation of Li and K isotope fractionation during silicate dissolution in ultra-acidic (unidirectional) and near-natural (biologically affected) environments. As the reaction progressed, we measured large isotope fractionation between the liquid (l) phase and the pristine silicate (s) phase, ranging from −10.3 to 0.1‰ (Δ7Lil-s) and from −1.01 to −0.11‰ (Δ41Kl-s) through the early stage of dissolution (<24 h). The enrichment of lighter Li and K isotopes in the solutions rapidly diminished as rock dissolution continued and gradually approached equilibrium to the end of experiments. In contrast, resorption of pre-leached isotopically lighter Li on silicate residuals during ligand-driven dissolution produced lighter isotope enrichment in the solutions compared to the initial rock by up to 2.8‰. Despite the preferential dissolution of specific minerals, the isotope fractionation patterns of Li and K do not vary with lithology, indicating limited inter-mineral isotopic differences. During the experiments, the Li and K isotopic pattern could be divided into two-to-three stages. The initial enrichment of light isotopes in the liquids can be ascribed to the kinetic isotope effect, confounded by diffusion and ion solvation. A later transition towards no isotope fractionation of Li and K may be explained by (i) the masking effect from dissolution, and (ii) an imprint from the destruction of 7Li/41K-enriched surface layers. Lateral resorption of solute Li after ~100 h reaction could be facilitated by the electrostatic attraction from increasing surface negative charges and active hydroxyls with increasing pH during ligand-driven dissolution (pH ~ 4) relative to proton-driven dissolution (pH ~ 0.2). Therefore, the presence of organic ligands impacts dissolution stoichiometry, and potentially modifies Li isotope fractionation in natural weathering environments. In comparison, K isotope fractionation driven by rock dissolution stops immediately (within days) after starting the experiments. This research helps to understand the mechanisms of Li and K isotope fractionation during chemical weathering and trace long-term climate change using geological records

A randomized, open-label comparison of once-weekly insulin icodec titration strategies versus once-daily insulin glargine u100

OBJECTIVE Insulin icodec is a novel once-weekly basal insulin analog. This trial investigated the efficacy and safety of icodec using different once-weekly titration algorithms. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a phase 2, randomized, open-label, 16-week, treat-to-target study. Insulin-naive adults (n = 205) with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c 7–10% while treated with oral glucose-lowering medications initiated once-weekly icodec titrations A (prebreakfast self-measured blood glucose target 80–130 mg/dL; adjustment ±21 units/week; n = 51), B (80–130 mg/dL; ±28 units/week; n = 51), or C (70–108 mg/dL; ±28 units/week; n = 52), or once-daily insulin glargine 100 units/mL (IGlar U100) (80–130 mg/dL; ±4 units/day; n = 51), all titrated weekly. Percentage of time in range (TIR) (70–180 mg/dL) during weeks 15 and 16 was measured using continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS TIR improved from baseline (means: A, 57.0%;B,55.2%;C,51.0%; IGlar U100, 55.3%) to weeks 15 and 16 (estimated mean: A, 76.6%; B,83.0%; C,80.9%; IGlar U100, 75.9%). TIR was greater for titration B than for IGlar U100 (estimated treatment difference 7.08%-points; 95% CI 2.12 to 12.04; P = 0.005). No unexpected safety signals were observed. Level 2 hypoglycemia (<54 mg/dL) was low in all groups (0.05, 0.15, 0.38, 0.00 events per patient-year of exposure for icodec titrations A, B, and C and IGlar U100, respectively), with no episodes of severe hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Once-weekly icodec was efficacious and well tolerated across all three titration algorithms investigated. The results for icodec titration A (80–130 mg/dL; ±21 units/week) displayed the best balance between glycemic control and risk of hypoglycemia

Mobile encounters:bus 5A as a cross-cultural meeting place

The paper explores modes of encounters in the everyday practice of bus travel. Particularly, it addresses cross-cultural encounters located in the tension between familiarity and difference, between inclusion and exclusion. The paper is located in contemporary thoughts, approaching public transport not only as a moving device but also as a social arena. Furthermore, the bus is simultaneously perceived as a public space, at once composite, contradictory and heterogeneous, and as a meeting place involving ‘Throwntogetherness’. The encounters analysed are bodily, emotional charged and outspoken meetings between passengers, with the socio-materiality of the bus and drivers as co-riders and gatekeepers