Power efficient and high performance VLSI architecture for AES algorithm

AbstractAdvanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm has been widely deployed in cryptographic applications. This work proposes a low power and high throughput implementation of AES algorithm using key expansion approach. We minimize the power consumption and critical path delay using the proposed high performance architecture. It supports both encryption and decryption using 256-bit keys with a throughput of 0.06Gbps. The VHDL language is utilized for simulating the design and an FPGA chip has been used for the hardware implementations. Experimental results reveal that the proposed AES architectures offer superior performance than the existing VLSI architectures in terms of power, throughput and critical path delay

Level of depression and coping strategies among HIV clients

AIDS, the acquired immune – deficiency syndrome (sometimes called “Slim Disease”) is a newly described, usual fatal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) which breaks down the body‟s immune system, leaving the victim vulnerable, to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infectious, neurological disorders or unusual malignancies among the special feature of HIV infection is that a person once infected will be infected for life. Strictly speaking, the term AIDS refers only to the last stage of HIV infection. AIDS can be called our modern pandemic, affecting both industrialized and developing countries. A number of social conflicts such as fear of exposure of diagnosis and being a member of a stigmatized group are commonly experienced by people who have HIV. Crisis Points – Several Crisis Points occur during the course of HIV disease. The diagnosis of HIV may be first crisis with the initial diagnosis the person often feels intense anxiety, fear, anger and guilt and may act impulsively. High levels of anxiety and depression may continue for 2-3 months and may be exhibited in agitation, risky sexual behavior, crying and suicidal ideation and attempts. In fact symptoms of depression and anxiety may overlap with HIV symptoms complicating diagnostic and treatment efforts. The National AIDS Control Organization of India (NACO) estimates the number of people within India as 5-1 million in 2004. India has the second highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS with the world after South Africa. India Accounts for almost to persons of the million people living with HIV/AIDS globally. The objectives of the study was to assess level of depression and coping strategies among HIV Clients. A descriptive Research design was adopted for this study. The study was conducted in We Care Social Service Society, Singaperumal among 100 clients. The data was collected from HIV Clients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria by using Beck's depression Inventory and Lazarus coping Inventory. The Interview was conducted in Tamil. Ethical aspects were considered throughout the study. The conceptual framework adopted for this study was modified Pender‟s Health Promotion Model. 13 The study findings revealed that among 100 HIV Client, 11% of HIV clients had mild depression, 15% of HIV Clients had sever depression and 74% of HIV clients had moderated depression. It also revealed that 3% of HIV Clients had inadequate coping, 7% of HIV Clients had adequate coping and 90% of HIV Clients had moderately adequate coping. The Psychiatry Nurse, as a Nurse Educator should aim at reorienting general education system and professional curriculum to suitably incorporate the preventive measures and management strategies regarding HIV. As a Psychiatric Nurse the investigator has provided information to the entire subjects about HIV and method to overcome the problems

Effect of long term fertilization on phosphorus dynamics in root zone environment under finger millet - Maize cropping sequence

In an agro-ecosystem, phosphorus (P) is found in organic and an inorganic form which includes soluble P, sorbed P and mineral bounded P. In soil, added P sources undergo various soil processes like mineralization, immobilization, precipitation, weathering, dissolution, sorption and desorption. For understanding the P dynamics in clay loam (Vertic Ustropept) soil, the present study was undertaken in P dynamics under rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere environment of maize in Long Term Fertilizer Experiment at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The results revealed that the fractions of various pools of inorganic NaOH extractable Fe - P, H2SO4 extractable Ca- P, NH4F extractable Al- P, NH4Cl extractable Saloid P and Na citrate - Dithionate extractable Reductant soluble P were dominant in the non-rhizospheric soil than rhizospheric environment. The order of inorganic P fractions in the non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric region of the soil was found as Ca-P > Fe-P > Al-P > Reductant soluble-P > Saloid P and the knee-high stage of the non - rhizosphere soil recorded the highest inorganic as well organic P fractions. Irrespective of P fractions, Ca – P was recorded high (192.5 &  186.7 mg kg-1 ) followed by Fe - P (40.8& 34.9 mg kg-1) at a knee-high stage in non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere, respectively. Practising various nutrient management systems, application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer along with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T8) recorded significant changes in all inorganic (Ca-P, Fe-P, Al-P, Reductant soluble-P, Saloid P), organic fractions and also Total P followed by 150% NPK (T3) in sandy clay loam soil. Nowadays, increasing demand for P fertilizer in India, judicious use of P fertilizer is important. Despite that, intensively cultivated soils have a lot of P reserves like organic and inorganic P pools and effective way of P transformation management could reduce the quantum of P fertilization in soil

Coconut-growing soils in southern Karnataka: Characterization and classification

A study was carried out to characterize and classify major coconut-growing soils of southern Karnataka and to evaluate the suitability of these soils for coconut cultivation. Seven locations were selected on the map of coconut-growing areas in southern Karnataka and delineated based on the variability of agro-climate with the help of land resource map and report of Karnataka state, generated at 2,50,000 scale by ICAR-NBSSLUP. The regions included Hosadurga (central dry zone), Gubbi and Turuvekere (eastern dry zone), Krishnarajapet (southern dry zone), Arasikere (southern transition zone), Belthangadi and Brahmavara (coastal zone) representing the density of coconut-growing areas in different agro-climatic zones. Soil profiles were studied at these selected sites. The coconut growing soils of southern Karnataka are generally deep, gravelly and well drained, sandy clay loam to clayey in texture with good structure. Soils of high rainfall areas of Belthangadi and Brahmavara were strongly acidic and rich in soil organic carbon, whereas other locations of sub-humid to semi-arid were near neutral to moderately alkaline soils with medium organic carbon content. Cation Exchange Capacity and base saturation were very low in coastal red and lateritic coconut soils and ranged from medium to high in other areas. The major taxa of the soils identified at sub-group level of soil taxonomy are Rhodic Kanhaplustults, Ustic Kandihumults, Rhodic Paleustalfs, Typic Rhodustalfs and Vertic Haplustepts

LUCIFERASE REPORTER MYCOBACTERIOPHAGES FOR EVALUATING NORBORNENE-BASED ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING ON MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

  Objective: In 2015, 9.6 million people around the world became sick with tuberculosis (TB) disease and 1.5 million TB-related deaths worldwide. Recent increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to at least rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid [INH]) and extensively drug-resistant (MDR resistance plus resistance to a fluoroquinolone and an aminoglycoside) makes TB a serious concern. Lot of research is needed to deal with this infectious disease for a better alternative in treatment or modification of these older TB drugs. The present study aimed at evaluating antimycobacterial activity of norbornene (NOR) derived INH copolymer with poly ethylene glycol (NOR- polyethylene glycol [PEG]-INH) a novel nanocarrier along with the anti-TB drug using luciferase reporter phages (LRPs).Methods: NOR derived INH accounts for 74% of INH, 24% of NOR, and 2% of PEG. H37Rv control strain, a sensitive, and a resistant strain of Mycobacterium TB (MTB) used in this study. The in vitro activity of the drug was evaluated using absolute concentration method. The resistant strain was evaluated using LRP assay to observe the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug.Results: Reduction in light units was observed for the resistant strain exposed to plain INH and NOR-PEG-INH separately. 24% of reduction was observed in strains exposed to plain INH whereas 37% of reduction was observed in strains exposed to NOR-PEG-INH.Conclusion: NOR-based INH had better antimycobacterial activity compared to plain INH and RIF. Antimycobacterial activity of INH and RIF increases even with very low dosage with NOR conjugate

Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients on rice (Oryza sativa var. CO 51) productivity and soil fertility in the Western zone of Tamil Nadu, India

In sustainable agriculture, to ensure high-quality food production, a combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are required. During the winter season of 2020, a field experiment was undertaken in the western zone of Tamil Nadu to assess the effects of organics and inorganics on the growth, yield, and soil properties of rice, Oryza sativa var. CO 51. The experiment was framed in Random Block Design (RBD) comprising of 8 treatments viz., Recommended dose of fertilizer Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) approach (T1), RDF 75 % + Farm yard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 (T2), T2 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T3), RDF 75 % + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (T4), T4 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T5), FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T6), Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T7) and absolute control (T8) , replicated thrice. Among the integrated nutrient management practices, T5 proved its superiority over other treatments with respect to growth and physiological parameters followed by T3. This would have been because of the solubilization of phosphorus in the soil by AM organisms which is made accessible for crop growth. Utilization of biofertilizer enhanced the N availability and solubilized the inaccessible phosphorus, which thus recorded higher N accessibility and better phosphorus uptake when applied along with a recommended dose of fertilizer for rice.

Impact of perioperative period on disease-free survival among carcinoma ovary patients treated with the interval cyto-reductive surgery at a tertiary cancer centre in Kerala, India: a retrospective study

Background: Global incidence of ovarian malignancies is 300,000 as per GLOBOCAN 2018. The treatment protocol for advanced ovarian malignancies (stage IIIc and stage IV) includes neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Aims of the study was to determine the effect of duration of chemo interruption on disease free survival of ovarian malignancies treated by interval cytoreduction followed by surgery.Methods: A total 48 patients were studied for events such as recurrence, death, patient’s status on last follow up, peri-operative period between 3rd cycle of chemo therapy and 4th cycle of chemo therapy. Based on the median duration of peri operative period patients was classified as early or delayed receivers of adjuvant chemo therapy. Difference in duration of over-all survival and disease-free survival was analysed through Kaplan Meier survival analysis using log-rank test. Hazard ratio adjusted for background characteristics such as staging, performance status, grade of tumour were analysed using cox proportional hazard model.Results: The two peri operative period categories based on mean value (85 days) didn’t show any significant association to disease free interval (minimum-21days, maximum-146 days, Hr = 1.3, p-value = 0.52). Other established factors like stage, extent of resection, response to chemotherapy, also didn’t show any significant association. Serum marker level showed a significant negative correlation with disease free survival (minimum-9 days, maximum-30659, p-value =.04, Hr = 3.19).Conclusions: The study could not establish any correlation between peri operative period and median disease-free survival. The small sample size is a limiting factor, well controlled randomized trials may needed for further clarification

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE PATTERN OF USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Objective: To evaluate the most common class of antimicrobial agents used in surgical prophylaxis. To evaluate the timing, dosage, route and duration of use of antimicrobial agents in surgical prophylaxis.Methods: The study subjects were 214 patients who underwent general surgical procedures at Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College from July 2013 to June 2014. The use of antimicrobial agents was noted from the first dose of antibiotic given before the induction of anaesthesia. After surgery was completed the duration of antibiotic in the post-operative ward was noted. Results: Majority of the patients were males of age group 50-60 y and the most common surgical procedure was hernioplasty. Combination therapy with two antimicrobial agents was more preferred regimen 126 (58.9%). Among the antimicrobial agent's cefotaxime 114 (24.8%) was the most commonly prescribed drug and it was followed by metronidazole 121 (21.9%). ceftriaxone 60 (13.1%) was the third most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agent. The mean duration of prescription of antimicrobial agents in the present study was 4.78 d and the mean cost of drug treatment was 787.54 rupees. The cost-effective regimen was that of aminoglycosides and imidazole.Conclusion: The choice of antimicrobial agent was based on the local prevalence pattern of microorganisms. The intravenous administration of antibiotic prophylaxis immediately before or after the induction of anaesthesia is the most reliable method for ensuring effective serum concentration at the time of surgery. The antimicrobial agent chosen must cover all the most likely contaminating organisms