Conceptual Understanding of the Role of Human Resource Development in Road Safety

Human resource development (HRD) involves improving the knowledge, skills and attitude of people for personal growth and excellence. Using the same analogy of HRD, it can be applied to safety management on the roads. People can be taught the knowledge, skills and attitude required for the safe use of roads. It is very important because the analysis of the various causes of road accidents clearly demonstrates the preponderant role played by the human factor. This aspect thus constitutes a fundamental component of danger on the roads and has become even more important in relative terms due to the significant progress achieved in recent years in the other relevant spheres of action which are traditionally, the improvement of the road network and of the designing safe vehicles. Road users include, pedestrians, luggage carriers, horse riders, bullock carts as well as those who ride bicycles, tricycles, motorized two wheelers, cars, vans, trucks, tractors, and buses

Distress — Cause and Effect: A Diagnostic Study

Detailed site investigation, rigorous analysis and smart design of any engineering project prove to offer a successful product provided Quality Control and Quality Assurance are enforced during the construction phase. Failure to comply with QA/QC led to premature distress and extensive damage. A typical case, where negligence to address extenuating problems that arose during the construction stage resulted in severe damage is investigated and reported. Post-construction diagnostic study to unravel the cause and effect is presented

Immunology of oral candidiasis

A successful pathogen is one that is able to effectively survive and evade detection by the host immune defense. Oral candidiasis has adopted strategies, which evade host defense and eventually cause disease in at-risk patients. Host defense against infections with Candida spp. depends on rapid activation of an acute inflammatory response by innate immunity, followed by an incremental stimulation of specific immune responses mediated by T-cells (cellular immunity) or B-cells (humoral immunity). Understanding these complex pathways of immune evasion can potentially contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against oral candidiasis

Regulating Microvascular Free Flaps Reconstruction in “Schobinger Stage 4” Arteriovenous Malformations of Face

Objectives Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are high-flow, aggressive lesions that cause systemic effects and may pose a risk to life. These lesions are difficult to treat as they have a tendency to recur aggressively after excision or embolization. So, it requires a regulating free flap with robust vascular flow averting the postexcisional ischemia-induced collateralization, parasitization, and recruitment of neovessels from the surrounding mesenchyme—a phenomenon precipitating and perpetuating the recurrence of AVM. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients (12 males and 4 females) with AVMs Schobinger type 4 involving face were treated from March 2015 to March 2021 with various free flaps: three free rectus abdominis flaps, one free radial forearm flap, and twelve free anterolateral thigh flaps were used for reconstruction following the wide local excision of Schobinger type 4 facial AVM. The records of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. The average follow-up period was 18.5 months. The functional and aesthetic outcomes were analyzed with institutional assessment scores. Results The average size of the flap harvested was 113.43 cm2. Fourteen patients (87.5%) had good-to-excellent score (p = 0.035) with institutional aesthetic and functional assessment system. The remaining two patients (12.5%) had only fair results. There was no recurrence (0%) in the free flap group versus 64% recurrence in the pedicled flap and skin grafting groups (p = 0.035). Conclusion Free flaps with their robust and homogenized blood supply provide a good avenue for void filling and an excellent regulating effect in inhibiting any locoregional recurrences of AVM

Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated with short course chemotherapy regimens in South India - 5-year follow-up

A controlled clinical trial of three short-course chemotherapy regimens was undertaken in patients with newly diagnosed bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis. The patients were randomly allocated to receive one of three regimens: rifampicin, streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months, followed by streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide twice weekly for 3 months (R/5) or for 5 months (R/7), or the same regimen as R/7 but without rifampicin (Z/7). A bacteriological relapse requiring retreatment occurred by 5 years in 7.1 % of 126 R/5, 4.0 % of 124 R/7 and 6.7 % of 253 Z/7 patients with organisms initially sensitive to streptomycin and isoniazid; none of these differences is statistically significant. Of the 31 relapses, 16 occurred within 2 years of the completion of chemotherapy and the remaining 15 between 2 and 5 years. Among 65 patients with initial drug resistance to streptomycin or isoniazid or both, there were six bacteriological relapses requiring retreatment

A two-year follow-up of patients with quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis following a year of chemotherapy with an intermittent (Twice-weekly) regimen of isoniazid plus streptomycin or a daily regimen of isoniazid plus PAS

In the main analysis of a year’s study of twice-weekly high dosage isoniazid plus streptomycin (SHTW) in comparison with a standard daily regimen of isoniazid plus PAS (PH) under domiciliary conditions, 66 SHTW and 53 PH patients had attained bacteriologically quiescent disease at one year. All the patients have now been followed-up over a two-year period. Of these, 66 SHTW and 52 PH patients had been allocated at random to treatment the second year with isoniazid alone or with placebo. No patient was prescribed antituberculosis drugs for the third year. The condition of the patients in the two series was broadly similar, both at the time of their original admission to treatment and also at the start of the period of follow-up. There were five deaths (four SHTW, one PH) in the follow-up period, all in the second year and all from non-tuberculous causes; all five patients produced only negative cultures in the second year and for at least six months immediately before death. The radiographic progress was similar for the two series in the second and third years, the majority of patients in both series showing little change. The patients were under intensive bacteriological investigation, an average of 14 cultures being examined per patient in the second year and nine in the third year. A bacteriological relapse occurred in five (8 %) SHTW and six (12 %) PH patients. In one and two patients respectively, this was associated with a serious radiographic deterioration. An isolated positive culture was produced by 17 % of the SHTW and 27 % of the PH patients. Four of the SHTW patients had a relapse with streptomycin- and isoniazid-sensitive cultures and four of the PH patients with isoniazid-sensitive cultures. It is concluded that bacteriological quiescence following a year of twice-weekly isoniazid plus streptomycin is at least as stable, over a two-year period of follow-up, as that attained following a year of a standard daily oral regimen of isoniazid plus PAS