Analysis of Groyne Placement on Minimising River Bank Erosion

AbstractBank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. Impacts of river bank erosion are multifarious: social, economic, health, education and sometimes political. Groynes are structures constructed in rivers to protect the shore. Groynes are generally made of wood, concrete, or rock piles etc. In the present study coir geotextiles in the form of cocologs are used as the groynes to make the groyne more ecofriendly. Study mainly concentrates on analysing the effects of placing groynes at different angles from 450 to 1350 and to find the most effective arrangement for minimising the erosion. Results indicate that cocolog-groynes are effective in minimizing the erosion and protecting the bank. Maximum protection is observed for groyne angle of 1350

CRITICAL REVIEW ON AGASTHYAHAREETAKI AVALEHA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SWASAHARA KARMA

Respiratory disorders are one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. In Ayurvedic classics many poly herbal preparations are mentioned for curing respiratory disorders. Agasthyahareetaki avaleha is one such formulation mentioned in classical text books specially indicated for curing Swasa, Kasa, Vishamajvara etc. A detailed literature survey has been conducted to explore the probable mode of action of Agasthyahareetaki Avaleha in Swasa Roga. Most of the ingredients are having anti asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator and antimicrobial activities may works on respiratory pathology. Apart from this Katu, Tikta Rasa, Ruksa, Lagu Guna and Kaphavata hara, Swasa- Kasa- Sopha Hara property of ingredients will hamper the pathology of Swasaroga

A MULTI AWARE MULTI-LEVELS HETEROGENOUS ROUTING (MAMHR) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are generally set out in a remote workplace, since the sensor nodes are tiny in size, cost-proficient, low-power gadgets, and have restricted battery supply. Due to the constrained availability of power sources, energy utilization has been considered as the most crucial factor for proposing network routing protocols. The fundamental concern is to improve the lifetime of the network based on the energy constraints. Several homogenous cluster-based routing protocols have been proposed in literature for lifetime improvement of the sensor network but many of them fail to function effectively in heterogeneous environment and moreover, these protocols have not considered any other awareness parameters than lifetime and energy consumption. In this work, a Multi Aware Multi-Levels Heterogeneous Routing (MAMHR) protocol, focusing on the principle of multi-level heterogeneity by considering multiple awareness parameters of the network such as Quality of Service (QoS), shortest path estimation and suitable localization technique, is proposed. Scoped Bellman Ford Routing (SBFR) algorithm is used for shortest path estimation, Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) factors are considered for QoS awareness and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique is used for location estimation. Lifetime awareness parameters of the proposed scheme were compared with already existing prominent protocols LEACH, SEP and ZSEP and a significant improvement in lifetime of entire network was obtained. Simulation results corresponding to the respective multiple awareness parameters also shows that these parameters can be incorporated into the selected heterogeneous environment without affecting the energy consumption constraints of the proposed scheme

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA BASED EFFICIENT LOCATION AWARE ROUTING IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) also called as wireless ad hoc network is a self-organizing, self-configuring infrastructure less network containing a group of mobile nodes communicating wirelessly. As the hosts move often resulting in dynamic topology of the network, routing seeks more attention. Therefore, routing protocol using node’s location information like LAR (location aided routing) has emerged as potential solution. Here, the route discovery is limited to a small region named as request zone in contrast to blind flooding over the entire network. Also it is noticeable that the shape and size of the request zone play a vital role in enhancing the protocol’s performance. After various analyses it was concluded that for higher node density, elliptical shaped request zone performs better than other possible shapes. Further, suitable route must be chosen based on current load status of the network so that successful delivery of packets is ensured. Generally, omni-directional antennas are used for communication between moving motes. The disadvantage of mobile ad hoc networks with omni-directional antenna lies in the limited capacity caused by high interference and low spatial reuse. This paper focuses on obtaining optimal size for request zone in accordance with varying node density. Further, optimal path between source and destination is selected using Dijkstra’s algorithm. Our simulation results show that directional antennas outshines the performance of omni-directional antennas in increasing transmission range of nodes, reducing the number of redundant nodes involving in data communication etc

Probing galaxy evolution through HI 21-cm emission and absorption: current status and prospects with the Square Kilometre Array

One of the major science goals of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is to understand the role played by atomic hydrogen (HI) gas in the evolution of galaxies throughout cosmic time. The hyperfine transition line of the hydrogen atom at 21-cm is one of the best tools to detect and study the properties of HI gas associated with galaxies. In this article, we review our current understanding of HI gas and its relationship with galaxies through observations of the 21-cm line both in emission and absorption. In addition, we provide an overview of the HI science that will be possible with SKA and its pre-cursors and pathfinders, i.e. HI 21-cm emission and absorption studies of galaxies from nearby to high redshifts that will trace various processes governing galaxy evolution.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figures, accepted on 27 May 2022 for publication in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy (to appear in the special issue on "Indian participation in the SKA"), figure 4 has been update