4,614 research outputs found
The role of triplet excitons in enhancing polymer solar cell efficiency: a photo-induced absorption study
Inclusion of heavy metal atoms in a polymer backbone allows transitions
between the singlet and triplet manifolds. Interfacial dissociation of triplet
excitons constitutes a viable mechanism for enhancing photovoltaic (PV)
efficiencies in polymer heterojunction-based solar cells. The PV efficiency
from polymer solar cells utilizing a ladder-type poly (para-phenylene) polymer
(PhLPPP) with trace quantity of Pd atoms and a fullerene derivative (PCBM) is
much higher than its counterpart (MeLPPP) with no Pd atom. Evidence is
presented for the formation of a weak ground-state charge-transfer complex
(CTC) in the blended films of the polymer and PCBM, using photo-induced
absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. The CTC state in MeLPPP:PCBM has a singlet
character to it, resulting in a radiative recombination. In contrast, the CTC
states in PhLPPP:PCBM are more localized with a triplet character. An
absorption peak at 1.65 eV is observed in PhLPPP:PCBM blend in the PIA, which
may be converted to weakly-bound polaron-pairs, contributing to the enhancement
of PV efficiency.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
Low frequency random telegraphic noise (RTN) and 1/f noise in the rare-earth manganite PrCaMnO near the charge-ordering transition
We have studied low frequency resistance fluctuations (noise) in a single
crystal of the rare earth perovskite manganite PrCaMnO
which shows a charge ordering transition at a temperature ~ 245K. The
noise measurements were made using an ac bias with and without a dc bias
current imposed on it. We find that the spectral power contains two
components - one broad band 1/f part that exists for all frequency and
temperature ranges and a single frequency Lorentzian of frequency which
is strongly temperature dependent. The Lorentzian in which appears due
to Random telegraphic noise (RTN) as seen in the time series of the
fluctuation, is seen in a very narrow temperature window around where
it makes the dominating contribution to the fluctuation. When the applied dc
bias is increased beyond a certain threshold current density , the
electrical conduction becomes non-linear and one sees appearance of a
significant Lorentzian contribution in the spectral power due to RTN. We
explain the appearance of the RTN as due to coexisting Charge ordered (CO) and
reverse orbitally ordered (ROO) phases which are in dynamical equilibrium over
a mesoscopic length scale () and the kinetics being controlled by
an activation barrier T>>T_{CO}T_{CO}$ is
approached from above and the probability distribution function (PDF) deviates
strongly from a Gaussian. We explain this behavior as due to approach of charge
localization with correlated fluctuators which make the PDF non-Gaussian.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure
Urbanization and the South Asian Enigma: A Case Study of India
South Asia has the highest rate of child malnutrition in the world, despite rapid economic growth compared to other regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. Known as the ‘South Asian enigma’ this feature is partly attributed to the low status of women in South Asian societies. This paper examines this tenet in the context of India, with particular emphasis on possible differences between rural and urban scenarios. The empirical evidence reveals some important differences, which are relevant for policies relating to women’s empowerment against a backdrop of rapid urbanization.urbanization, women, malnutrition, slums, India
Regrets, I\u27ve Had a Few: When Regretful Experiences Do (and Don\u27t) Compel Users to Leave Facebook
Previous work has explored regretful experiences on social media. In parallel, scholars have examined how people do not use social media. This paper aims to synthesize these two research areas and asks: Do regretful experiences on social media influence people to (consider) not using social media? How might this influence differ for different sorts of regretful experiences? We adopted a mixed methods approach, combining topic modeling, logistic regressions, and contingency analysis to analyze data from a web survey with a demographically representative sample of US internet users (n=515) focusing on their Facebook use. We found that experiences that arise because of users\u27 own actions influence actual deactivation of their Facebook account, while experiences that arise because of others\u27 actions lead to considerations of non-use. We discuss the implications of these findings for two theoretical areas of interest in HCI: individual agency in social media use and the networked dimensions of privacy
Study of QCD generalized ghost dark energy in FRW universe
A phenomenological generalized ghost dark energy model has been studied under
the framework of FRW universe. In ghost dark energy model the energy density
depends linearly on Hubble parameter (H) but in this dark energy model, the
energy density contains a the sub-leading term which is depends on , so the energy density takes the form ,
where and are the constants. The solutions of the Friedman
equation of our model leads to a stable universe. We have fitted our model with
the present observational data including Stern data set. With the help of best
fit results we find the adiabatic sound speed remains positive throughout the
cosmic evolution, that claims the stability of the model. The flipping of the
signature of deceleration parameter at the value of scale factor
indicates that the universe is at the stage of acceleration i.e. de Sitter
phase of the universe at late time. Our model shows that the acceleration of
the universe begin at redshift and the model is also
consistent with the current observational data.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure
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