Sound-Speed Prediction as a Function of Temperature at Discrete Depths in the Bay of Bengal

Through regression analysis, temperature dependent relationships are developed to predict sound-speed. at discrete depths in the Bay of Bengal, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of sound-speed prediction through polynomial expressions in temperature disregarding salinity variations. A separate regression equation is develbped for the historical sound-speed and temperature data at the standard depths upto 250 m. At specific depths and in the given geographic area in the Bay of Bengal (5-8" N, 90-93" E) polynomials of temperature are proved to be a precise way to predict sound-speed

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Avicennia marina

Medicinal plants were used to treat diseases traditionally since ancient times. The present work aims to investigate the bioactive constituents through GC MS analysis of ethanolic leaf extracts of A.marina. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Reducing sugars, Saponins, Tannin, Glycoside, Triterpenoids and Carbohydrate in A.marina. The characterization of the compounds by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique has reported the presence of thirty compounds in A.marina leaves. These compounds possess different pharmacological properties like anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. Keywords: Avicennia marina, GC-MS, Bioactive compounds, Antibacterial activity

Dendrimers as a Novel Carrier in Anti-HIV Therapy

The present treatments for HIV transfection include chemical agents and gene therapies. Although many chemical drugs, peptides and genes have been developed for HIV inhibition, a variety of non-ignorable drawbacks limited the efficiency of these materials. Dendrimers has ability to carrier of antiviral drugs due to some properties such as mono-dispersity, defined structure, amenability for functionalization using diverse ligands and its low-nanometer size. In this review, we discuss the application of dendrimers as both therapeutic agents and non-viral vectors of chemical agents and genes for HIV treatment. In one way, dendrimers with functional end groups combine with the gp120 of HIV and CD4 molecule of host cell to suppress the attachment of HIV to the host cell. In another way, dendrimers are also able to transfer chemical drugs and genes into the host cells, which increase the anti-HIV activity of these materials. Dendrimers as therapeutic tools provide a potential treatment for HIV infection. Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug release, Drug targeting, gp120, CD4, Antiviral dru

Ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaves extract of Phyllanthus niruri (L.) and their antibacterial properties

In recent times, plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has garnered wide interest owing to its inherent features such as rapidity, simplicity, eco-friendliness and cheaper costs. For the first time, silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract in the current investigation. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer and the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak was identified to be 423 nm. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size of the silver nanoparticles was found to be 10-50 nm, with an average size 15 nm.  FTIR analysis was done to identify the functional groups responsible for the synthesis of the AgNPs. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with that of aqueous extracts of P.niruri by well diffusion method. The AgNPs at 50µl concentration significantly inhibited bacterial growth against A.hydrophila (16 ± 0.09 mm). Thus AgNPs showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative therapeutic approach in future. Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, AgNps, Aeromonas hydrophila, Antibacterial Activity

ANTIBIOTICS NANOSUSPENSION: A REVIEW

Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions and biphasic system consisting of drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1μm in size. Many drugs including antibiotics are having poor solubility. Nanosuspensions have proven to be a better alternative over other approaches currently available for improving bioavailability of such drugs with low solubility. This review describes the methods of pharmaceutical nanosuspension of antibiotic formulations and pharmaceutical applications in drug delivery. Keywords: Nanosuspension, Bioavailability, Solubilit

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Not AvailableLuminescence is caused by Vibrio harveyi, which is responsible for causing mass mortality (80 - 100 %) among Penaeus monodon hatcheries. An alternative strategy is the use of marine Actinomycetes to control V. harveyi. Eighty three marine Actinomycetes bacteria were isolated from marine and brackishwater of Muttukadu, Chennai and treated against growth and virulence factors produced by V. harveyi. Among 83 Actinomycetes isolates, 2 (CBWA3 and CBWA10) showed higher zone of inhibition against V. harveyi. When the Actinomycetes isolates were co-cultured with V. harveyi, the growth of V. harveyi was reduced to 4.66 log -1 -1 cfu mL by CBWA3 and 3.75 log cfu mL by CBWA10. The virulence factors like luminescence, crude bacteriocin, protease production and phospholipase activity were determined during co-culture and it was observed that phospholipase activity was very high in control and virulence was weak in the treatment. This study confirms that marine Actinomycetes bacterial isolates can be effectively utilized to control luminescence disease in the aquaculture systemNot Availabl

The Mere Lack of rT Modification in Initiator tRNA Does Not Facilitate Formylation-Independent Initiation in Escherichia coli

Formylation of initiator methionyl-tRNA is essential for normal growth of eubacteria. However, under special conditions, it has been possible to initiate protein synthesis with unformylated initiator tRNA even in eubacteria. Earlier studies suggested that the lack of ribothymidine (rT) modification in initiator tRNA may facilitate initiation in the absence of formylation. In this report we show, by using trmA strains of Escherichia coli (defective for rT modification) and a sensitive in vivo initiation assay system, that the lack of rT modification in the initiators is not sufficient to effect formylation-independent initiation of protein synthesis. In stark contrast to its unformylated counterparts in archaea and eukarya, initiation of protein synthesis in eubacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts occurs with formylmethionyl (fMet)-tRNA (10). Therefore, this distinct mechanism of initiation with fMet-tRNA in eubacteria has been of interest fo