Persistent left superior vena cava: Review of the literature, clinical implications, and relevance of alterations in thoracic central venous anatomy as pertaining to the general principles of central venous access device placement and venography in cancer patients

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) represents the most common congenital venous anomaly of the thoracic systemic venous return, occurring in 0.3% to 0.5% of individuals in the general population, and in up to 12% of individuals with other documented congential heart abnormalities. In this regard, there is very little in the literature that specifically addresses the potential importance of the incidental finding of PLSVC to surgeons, interventional radiologists, and other physicians actively involved in central venous access device placement in cancer patients. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the available literature regarding PLSVC. Additionally, we have discussed the clinical implications and relevance of such congenital aberrancies, as well as of treatment-induced or disease-induced alterations in the anatomy of the thoracic central venous system, as they pertain to the general principles of successful placement of central venous access devices in cancer patients. Specifically regarding PLSVC, it is critical to recognize its presence during attempted central venous access device placement and to fully characterize the pattern of cardiac venous return (i.e., to the right atrium or to the left atrium) in any patient suspected of PLSVC prior to initiation of use of their central venous access device

Carbon Nanomaterials and their Nanocomposites with Metal Oxides: Biosynthesis, Electrochemical, Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Applications

Metal oxides and their nanocomposites are used in various technological applications.Biofabrication of carbon-based metal oxide nanocomposites preparation using plants,microbes, cell cultures and enzymes are the most attractive technique because of nontoxicnature, and sustainable process. Phytochemicals play important role in sizelessening of the particles by performing as structure-directing, capping and reducingagents. In this chapter, we shed light on eco-friendly, money-spinning, andphytosynthesis of carbon based nanomaterials (CNMs) like graphene oxide, reducedgraphene oxide, and metal doped-rGO nanocomposites using green reducers. Moreover,electrochemical, photocatalytical and biological applications of CNMs and theirnanocomposites with metal oxides are discussed.Fil: Gomaji Chaudhary, Ratiram. No especifíca;Fil: Potbhare, Ajay K.. No especifíca;Fil: Chouke, Prashant B.. No especifíca;Fil: Rai, Alok R.. No especifíca;Fil: Raghvendra Kumar, Mishra. No especifíca;Fil: Desimone, Martín Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; ArgentinaFil: Abdala, Ahmed A.. Texas A&M University; Estados Unido