Effect of Sesbania grandiflora Linn leaf extracts on diuresis in wistar rats

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sesbania grandiflora linn leaf extracts on diuretic activity in wistar rats.Methods: Healthy male wistar albino rats divided into 9 groups and weighing 150-200gm.diuretic activity was expressed by Natriuretic activity, saluretic activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, Diuretic index or Diuretic action, saluretic index, Natriuretic index. Animalgroups are divided into: group1 treated as control, 2and 3 treated as standards, group 4, 5 and 6 treated with aqueous leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. in different doses of 150,300,450mg/kg. Group 7,8and 9 treated with methanolic leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. Doses of 150,300,450mg/kg.Results: No change in body weight group treated with AE-150 (p>0.05) with AE-150 (0.1%), increase in urine volume with increasing doses both with aqueous and methanolic extracts, sodium excretion with methanolic extract was high compared with the aqueous extract, significant increase in potassium excretion in both aqueous and methanolic extract treated groups.All the statistical tests were done by using SPSS version 6. The level of significance was 5% (p≤0.05).Conclusions: All the electrolytes concentration was increased in the urine, hence excluding osmotic diuretic action. Diuretic index, saluretic activity, saluretic index and natriuretic index of ME-450 were more than the value of hydrochlorothiazide hence excludes thiazide diuretic action. But these values were less than furosemide

Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of fruit of Coriandrum sativum. Linn methanolic extract in Streptozocin induced diabetic wistar Albino rats

Background: Diabetes prevalence is estimated to increase annually. Numerous people use traditional medicine, such as India also considered as the diabetic capital in the world. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. The present study to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of coriandrum sativum. linn fruits methanolic extract in streptozocin induced diabetic wistar albino rats model.Methods: Diabetes induction in wistar albino rats by administration of streptozocin (50mg/kg, i.p.) in citrate buffer. 30 wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D, E). Group A: served as normal control, whereas Group B: diabetic control, Group C, D methanolic coriandrum sativum Linn. fruits extract (CSFME) at a dose of 100, 200mg/kg orally, Group E was given standard drug Glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) orally. All groups are administered for the period of 14 consecutive days and blood sugar levels was measured at regular intervals up to end of the study.Results: This present research study confirms that the test drug compound CSFME has sustained oral hypoglycaemic activity and statistically significant (p ≤0.05) and which is comparable with standard drug Glibenclamide.Conclusions: This research study confirms that the CSFME has antidiabetic activity against streptozocin induced wistar diabetic albino rats. It could be a novel antidiabetic agent and also a dietary adjunct in the type 2 diabetes management and its complication. Further studies are necessary required to confirm the antidiabetic activity of individual phytochemical compounds of Coriandrum sativum

Phytochemical and Pharmacological potential of Annona cherimola-A Review

Several plant remedies have been employed in various medicinal systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. During past several years, there has been growing interest among the usage of various medicinal plants from traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different ailments. Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Annona cherimola Miller is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is one of the sources of the medicinal products. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on Annona cherimola with respect to its pharmacognostic characters, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and traditional uses

Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Annona squamosa (HAEAS) leaf in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic Albino rats

Background: Diabetes is almost growing health concern worldwide and now emerging as an epidemic world over. Recently, full attention is being paid to the study of natural products as potential antidiabetics. Objective of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Annona squamosa (HAEAS) plant in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic albino rats.Methods: Almost a 30 Albino rats with 150- 200 grams weight were weighed and grouped into 5 equal groups taking 6 rats in every group. Group A served as normal control, Group B as diabetic control, received alloxan monnohydrate. Group C and D was received alloxan + HAEAS suspension at 350 and 700 mg/kg doses orally respectively, Group E was given alloxan + standard drug (Glibenclamide 5mg/kg) suspension for 28 successive days and the effect of HAEAS on blood sugar(BS) levels was measured at regular intervals. At the end portion of this investigational research study samples of blood were collected from all rats on 0day (initial), after 72 hrs and after 28th day (29thday) of given test drug HAEAS treatment for biochemical estimation of BS and the BS values were observed.Results: The present research study revealed that HAEAS leaves has antidiabetic effect against alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats on i.p. alloxan injection at 150mg/kg.b.w. and confirms that on i.p. alloxan injection causes a significant rise off BS in untreated albino rats when compared to control group. Diabetic rats treatment with HAEAS leaves for 28 days caused dose a dependent fall in BS values. Glibenclamide treated diabetic rats also showed a significant (P <0.00) fall in BS content after 28 days of treatment.Conclusions: This research study confirms that HAEAS leaves has shown significant antidiabetic effect at 350 and 700 mg/kg. b.w. doses in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats

COMPARISON OF ETEST AND AGAR DILUTION FOR DETERMINING MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF VANCOMYCIN TO HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

ABSTRACTObjectives: To compare agar dilution method and Etest in the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin to healthcareassociatedmethicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus(HA-MRSA).Methods: A total of 98 non-duplicate strains of HA-MRSA isolated from different clinical specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibilitypattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and vancomycin MIC by agar dilution method and Etest (BioMerieux, France).Results: Out of 98 strains of HA-MRSA, 94 (95.9%) were vancomycin susceptible (MIC ≤2 µg/ml and 4 (4.1%) were vancomycin intermediate (MIC4 µg/ml) by agar dilution method. By Etest, 53 (54.1%) were vancomycin susceptible, 4 (4.1%) were vancomycin intermediate, and the remaining 41isolates had vancomycin MIC between 2 µg/ml and 4 µg/ml.Conclusion: Etest allows the detection of HA-MRSA strains with intermediate MIC values in addition to traditional dilutions. These properties willhelp in detection of MIC creep and also decision-making in using vancomycin for the treatment of serious infections caused by HA-MRSA.Keyword: Vancomycin, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Etest, Agar dilution

IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF VANCOMYCIN AND DAPTOMYCIN AGAINST HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS

ABSTRACTObjective: The present cross-sectional study was conducted to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of daptomycin and vancomycinto clinical isolates of healthcare-associated-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA).Methods: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Criteria were used to define HR infections due to MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing wasdone by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. MIC of vancomycin and daptomycin was determined by Agar dilution method and E-test, respectively.Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing and MIC were interpreted as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.Results: A total of 110 strains of MRSA were isolated from healthcare-associated infections. All were susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid, andteicoplanin. A total of 106 isolates were vancomycin susceptible and four were vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). MIC ofvancomycin were 2 µg/ml. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to daptomycin. Four VISA strains had daptomycin MIC 1 µg/ml.Conclusion: The present study showed the emergence of VISA among HA-MRSA isolates with high MIC for vancomycin. Although all HA-MRSAisolates were susceptible to daptomycin, VISA isolates had high daptomycin MIC. This indicates that daptomycin may not be used as an alternativechoice for VISA infections.Keywords: Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin, Daptomycin.9090and MIC5

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos in albino rats

Background: To study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts of leaf (LE) and fruit pulp (FE) of Aegle marmelos in comparison with the standard drugs pentazocine and diclofenac in albino rats. 56 healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 14 groups of 4 each (n=4), weighing about 150-200grams were selected for the study. All drugs i.e. 1ml of 1% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), pentazocine 10mg/kg (intraperitoneal), diclofenac 10 mg/kg and LE and FE at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg in 1% CMC (vehicle) were administered per oral one hour before the experiment.Methods: Analgesic activity was assessed by Eddy’s hot plate method (latency time) and acetic acid induced writhing (number of writhings) method. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan induced hind paw edema method using digital plethysmometer.Results: Test drugs at doses LE 200mg/kg and FE 200mg/kg have shown significant increase in mean latency time in Eddy’s hot plate (P 0.05).Conclusions: Leaf extract (LE) and fruit extract (FE) at doses 200mg/kg have shown significant analgesic action and no anti-inflammatory action

Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonaemia syndrome: novel mutations in the GLUD1 gene and genotype-phenotype correlations

Background: Activating mutations in the GLUD1 gene (which encodes for the intra-mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) cause the hyperinsulinism–hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome. Patients present with HA and leucine-sensitive hypoglycaemia. GDH is regulated by another intra-mitochondrial enzyme sirtuin 4 (SIRT4). Sirt4 knockout mice demonstrate activation of GDH with increased amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion. Objectives: To study the genotype–phenotype correlations in patients with GLUD1 mutations. To report the phenotype and functional analysis of a novel mutation (P436L) in the GLUD1 gene associated with the absence of HA. Patients and methods: Twenty patients with HI from 16 families had mutational analysis of the GLUD1 gene in view of HA (n=19) or leucine sensitivity (n=1). Patients negative for a GLUD1 mutation had sequence analysis of the SIRT4 gene. Functional analysis of the novel P436L GLUD1 mutation was performed. Results: Heterozygous missense mutations were detected in 15 patients with HI/HA, 2 of which are novel (N410D and D451V). In addition, a patient with a normal serum ammonia concentration (21 µmol/l) was heterozygous for a novel missense mutation P436L. Functional analysis of this mutation confirms that it is associated with a loss of GTP inhibition. Seizure disorder was common (43%) in our cohort of patients with a GLUD1 mutation. No mutations in the SIRT4 gene were identified. Conclusion: Patients with HI due to mutations in the GLUD1 gene may have normal serum ammonia concentrations. Hence, GLUD1 mutational analysis may be indicated in patients with leucine sensitivity; even in the absence of HA. A high frequency of epilepsy (43%) was observed in our patients with GLUD1 mutations

VANCOMYCIN INTERMEDIATE AND VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS – MECHANISMS, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND DETECTION

Vancomycin is used as the antibiotic of choice for severe infection caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Increased use of vancomycin and the selective pressure has resulted in the emergence of S.aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and vancomycin resistant S.aureus. This review summarizes the definition, mechanism, clinical significance and epidemiology of S.aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. It also discusses laboratory methods for detection and treatment options available for these pathogens