The Impact of the Organizational Justice on the Development of the Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Jordanian Press Organizations

This study aimed to explore the impact of the organizational justice on the development of organizational citizenship behavior in the Jordanian press organizations. The population for the present study consists of all workers in Jordanian press organizations. This population includes 1835 employees. They are working across four press organizations, which are Jordan Press Foundation, the company of Jordan Press and Publishing, the Arab Printers Company, and the company of Jordan United Press and Publishing. 204 questionnaires were distributed to collect the necessary data and to test hypotheses of this study. The empirical results revealed that there was a significant statistical impact of the organizational justice (equity of distributions, fairness of procedures and fairness of transactions) on the organizational citizenship. The study recommended that the development of organizational citizenship strongly depended on the deploying of the organizational justice through: (a)the fairness of tasks and duties distribution through across organization, (b) commensurate these tasks and duties with employees’ abilities, (c) distribution of incentives depending on the merits of employees, (d) participation in decision making process supported the organizational citizenship and developed justice practices, (e) transparency through providing sufficient information and discussing work-related decisions found for the organizational justice and then deployed the organizational citizenship. Key words: organizational justice, organizational citizenship behavior, Jordan Press Organizations

Preparation, Characterization, Wound Healing, and Cytotoxicity Assay of PEGylated Nanophytosomes Loaded with 6-Gingerol

Background: Nutrients are widely used for treating illnesses in traditional medicine. Ginger has long been used in folk medicine to treat motion sickness and other minor health disorders. Chronic non-healing wounds might elicit an inflammation response and cancerous mutation. Few clinical studies have investigated 6-gingerol’s wound-healing activity due to its poor pharmacokinetic properties. However, nanotechnology can deliver 6-gingerol while possibly enhancing these properties. Our study aimed to develop a nanophytosome system loaded with 6-gingerol molecules to investigate the delivery system’s influence on wound healing and anti-cancer activities. Methods: We adopted the thin-film hydration method to synthesize nanophytosomes. We used lipids in a ratio of 70:25:5 for DOPC(dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine): cholesterol: DSPE/PEG2000, respectively. We loaded the 6-gingerol molecules in a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL and achieved size reduction via the extrusion technique. We determined cytotoxicity using lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We performed gene expression of inflammation markers and cytokines according to international protocols. Results: The synthesized nanophytosome particle sizes were 150.16 ± 1.65, the total charge was −13.36 ± 1.266, and the polydispersity index was 0.060 ± 0.050. Transmission electron microscopy determined the synthesized particles’ spherical shape and uniform size. The encapsulation efficiency was 34.54% ± 0.035. Our biological tests showed that 6-gingerol nanophytosomes displayed selective antiproliferative activity, considerable downregulation of inflammatory markers and cytokines, and an enhanced wound-healing process. Conclusions: Our results confirm the anti-cancer activity of PEGylated nanophytosome 6-gingerol, with superior activity exhibited in accelerating wound healing

Scope and Trends of Volunteering and Associations

This chapter has two themes: (1) the scope of formal and informal volunteering and of nonprofit, voluntary, Membership Associations (MAs) in the world, by which we mean the quantitative magnitudes of these phenomena at or near the present time, and (2) the long term and recent (past few decades) trends in these magnitudes. Global data are used, when available, but we also report data for world regions and for specific nations when feasible. We also report on estimated magnitudes of MA wealth and income, the economic value of volunteering, internal structures and processes of MAs, participation rates in MAs, methodological problems, and issues regarding computer mapping of data such at that presented in this chapter. Usable knowledge, future trends, and needed research are discussed