Direct detection of Campylobacter from feces of organic and conventional pigs highlighted the presence of Campylobacter lanienae

In the frame of the CORE Organic II funded European project SafeOrganic, fecal samples from 31 organic pig herds and 31 conventional pig herds were sampled in a slaughterhouse. Samples were highly positive in Campylobacter coli but also in another Campylobacter species not described at that time in France. Identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PCR 16S allowed us to confirm that 85 isolates were C. Lanienae; 56 from conventional pigs and 29 from organic pigs. Individual occurrence in Campylobacter spp. was thus re-estimated to 91.1 % (51/56) and 96.3 % (52/54) for conventional and organic pigs, respectively. A total of 55 isolates of C. Lanienae were studied for their resistance to 7 antibiotics. Only one was pansusceptible. Natural resistance to Nalidixic acid was confirmed. Resistance to Tetracycline was significantly different (p \u3c to 0,001) between the two productions: 88 % of isolates from conventional pigs were resistant against 14% of isolates from organic pigs. Moreover, isolates from conventional pigs were mostly multiresistant (73%) whereas only 5% of strains isolated in organic pigs were multiresistant. The C. lanienae isolates were typed by PFGE using KpnI and SmaI enzymes. The genetic diversity was very high, whatever the enzyme used. No link between PFGE profile and isolate origin or antibiotic resistance pattern was evidenced. This study allowed us to demonstrate for the first time in France that pigs, known to be a reservoir for C. coli may also carry in their feces a species rarely highlighted: C. lanienae. The species was present in fecal samples from conventional and organic pigs. The lower level of antibiotic resistance and multiresistance of C. Lanienae strains for organic pigs may be related to the restricted use of antibiotics in this production

Campylobacter in organic and conventional pig production in France: antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity and virulence

Campylobacter coli strains from 56 organic and 58 conventional pig colon contents were characterized to evaluate impact of these two productions on antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity and virulence of these strains. 76.8% of organic pigs and 74.0% of conventional pigs were positive in Campylobacter. A total of 262 strains were tested for their resistance to 7 antibiotics. Significant differences were observed for 4 antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) between the two productions with higher resistance for conventional pig Campylobacter. Multiresistance was more frequently observed for conventional pig strains (54.8%) than for organic pig strains (26.8%). Strains were typed by PFGE (262 strains) and MLST (120 strains). Genetic diversity was very high for both productions with both typing methods. Strains were distributed in 60 PFGE genotypes and in 51 Sequence Types. Ten PFGE clusters (34% of the strains) and nine ST (41.6% of the strains) were common between the two productions. Presence of 9 virulence genes was checked (120 strains) by PCR. All the strains carried the ceuE, iam, ciaB and flaA genes and more than 95% of the strains carried the cadF and cdtABC genes. The virb11 gene on plasmid was detected only for 13 organic pig strains. Capacity of adhesion and invasion of 61 strains were tested on Caco-2 cells. No link between virulence profile and strain origin was observed. However strains with the virb11 gene had higher invasive capacity. In conclusion, no impact of the type of production was observed on the genetic diversity and virulence of Campylobacter strains. The lower level of antibiotic resistance and multiresistance of C. coli strains for organic pigs may be related to the restricted use of antibiotics in this production and / or colonization of organic pigs with susceptible environmental strains

Direct detection of Campylobacter from feces of organic and conventional pigs highlighted the presence of Campylobacter lanienae

In the frame of the CORE Organic II funded European project SafeOrganic, fecal samples from 31 organic pig herds and 31 conventional pig herds were sampled in a slaughterhouse. Samples were highly positive in Campylobacter coli but also in another Campylobacter species not described at that time in France. Identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PCR 16S allowed us to confirm that 85 isolates were C. Lanienae; 56 from conventional pigs and 29 from organic pigs. Individual occurrence in Campylobacter spp. was thus re-estimated to 91.1 % (51/56) and 96.3 % (52/54) for conventional and organic pigs, respectively. A total of 55 isolates of C. Lanienae were studied for their resistance to 7 antibiotics. Only one was pansusceptible. Natural resistance to Nalidixic acid was confirmed. Resistance to Tetracycline was significantly different (p < to 0,001) between the two productions: 88 % of isolates from conventional pigs were resistant against 14% of isolates from organic pigs. Moreover, isolates from conventional pigs were mostly multiresistant (73%) whereas only 5% of strains isolated in organic pigs were multiresistant. The C. lanienae isolates were typed by PFGE using KpnI and SmaI enzymes. The genetic diversity was very high, whatever the enzyme used. No link between PFGE profile and isolate origin or antibiotic resistance pattern was evidenced. This study allowed us to demonstrate for the first time in France that pigs, known to be a reservoir for C. coli may also carry in their feces a species rarely highlighted: C. lanienae. The species was present in fecal samples from conventional and organic pigs. The lower level of antibiotic resistance and multiresistance of C. Lanienae strains for organic pigs may be related to the restricted use of antibiotics in this production.</p

Campylobacter in organic and conventional pig production in France: antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity and virulence

Campylobacter coli strains from 56 organic and 58 conventional pig colon contents were characterized to evaluate impact of these two productions on antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity and virulence of these strains. 76.8% of organic pigs and 74.0% of conventional pigs were positive in Campylobacter. A total of 262 strains were tested for their resistance to 7 antibiotics. Significant differences were observed for 4 antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) between the two productions with higher resistance for conventional pig Campylobacter. Multiresistance was more frequently observed for conventional pig strains (54.8%) than for organic pig strains (26.8%). Strains were typed by PFGE (262 strains) and MLST (120 strains). Genetic diversity was very high for both productions with both typing methods. Strains were distributed in 60 PFGE genotypes and in 51 Sequence Types. Ten PFGE clusters (34% of the strains) and nine ST (41.6% of the strains) were common between the two productions. Presence of 9 virulence genes was checked (120 strains) by PCR. All the strains carried the ceuE, iam, ciaB and flaA genes and more than 95% of the strains carried the cadF and cdtABC genes. The virb11 gene on plasmid was detected only for 13 organic pig strains. Capacity of adhesion and invasion of 61 strains were tested on Caco-2 cells. No link between virulence profile and strain origin was observed. However strains with the virb11 gene had higher invasive capacity. In conclusion, no impact of the type of production was observed on the genetic diversity and virulence of Campylobacter strains. The lower level of antibiotic resistance and multiresistance of C. coli strains for organic pigs may be related to the restricted use of antibiotics in this production and / or colonization of organic pigs with susceptible environmental strains.</p

Emergence of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase (CTX-M-9)-Producing Multiresistant Strains of Salmonella enterica Serotype Virchow in Poultry and Humans in France

During 2002 to 2003, eight Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow poultry and poultry product isolates from various sources (chicken farms, poultry slaughterhouse, or retail store) and one S. enterica rough strain isolated from human feces were found to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-9. Poultry and poultry product isolates were recovered from different locations in the southwest of France. The human rough isolate had sequences of flagellin genes (fliC and fljB) typical of serotype Virchow and ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns closely similar to those of serotype Virchow strains. PFGE confirmed the clonal relationship between the poultry isolates, while the human isolate displayed a pattern with 94% homology. The bla(CTX-M-9) gene was located on a conjugative plasmid and was shown to be linked to orf513. Plasmid profiling found a very similar EcoRI restriction pattern in six transconjugants studied, including transconjugants obtained from the human isolate. A single hatchery, supplying chicks to the six farms, was identified. Emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing S. enterica strains in food animals is a major concern, as such strains could disseminate on a large scale and lead to antibiotic therapy difficulties