94,618 research outputs found
Facts Versus Discretion: The Debate Over Immigration Adjudication
Justice Amy Coney Barrett recently issued her first majority-led immigration opinion in Patel v. Garland (2022). As background, some immigrants looking to avoid deportation may apply for what is called “discretionary relief’ (e.g., asylum or adjustment of status) initially in an immigration court and then, if they lose, at the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). These immigration forums fall under the Department of Justice. Prior to Patel, immigrants who lost at the BIA could then ask a federal circuit court to review the factual findings of their case. Now, after Justice Barrett’s decision, Article III review is no longer available for such immigration proceedings involving discretionary relief.
The decision in Patel serves as an important backdrop for the subject of this study. A related, but distinct debate simmers one layer below the federal courts. Namely, the question is how much deference the BIA should give to factual determinations made by immigration courts of first resort in discretionary relief cases. Certain circuits have held that the BIA may intervene rather aggressively, while the largest circuit—the Ninth—has said that the BIA should display enhanced deference.
As this study argues, this circuit split conspicuously ignores how the dividing line between what is fact and what is discretion is often more blurred than discrete. Moreover, there is a gross inequity to this circuit discordance; the way that an immigrant’s appeal is analyzed and adjudicated depends upon the happenstance of the circuit from where that case originated.
For this reason, this article offers a new theoretical framework to improve the status quo. This model’s two-step proposal looks to raise the standard of justice in these immigration proceedings, remove the biases that presently favor the government, and provide greater fairness and equity across the circuits to immigrants seeking relief from deportation
Are Galaxies Optically Thin to Their Own Lyman Continuum Radiation? II. NGC 6822
Halpha and UBV photometry of NGC 6822 are used to study the distribution of
OB stars and HII regions in the galaxy and to determine whether individual
regions of the galaxy are in a state of ionization balance. Four distinct
components of the Halpha emission (bright, halo, diffuse and field)
differentiated by their surface brightnesses are identified. We find that
approximately 1/2 of all OB stars in NGC 6822 are located in the field while
only 1/4 are found in the combined bright and halo regions, suggesting that OB
stars spend roughly 3/4 of their lifetimes outside ``classical'' H II regions.
Comparing the observed Halpha emission with that predicted from stellar
ionizing flux models, we find that although the bright, halo and diffuse
regions are probably in ionization balance, the field region is producing at
least 6 times as much ionizing flux as is observed. The ionization balance
results in NGC 6822 suggest that star formation rates obtained from Halpha
luminosities must underestimate the true star formation rate in this galaxy by
about 50%. Comparing our results for NGC 6822 with previous results for the
spiral galaxy M33, we find that the inner kiloparsec of M33 is in a more
serious state of ionization imbalance, perhaps due to its higher surface
density of blue stars.Comment: Replaced version should now compile with standard aastex style files.
28 pages, aastex preprint format. Accepted in ApJ. Hardcopies of figures
available on request to [email protected]
Arithmetic Operations in Multi-Valued Logic
This paper presents arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and
multiplications in Modulo-4 arithmetic, and also addition, multiplication in
Galois field, using multi-valued logic (MVL). Quaternary to binary and binary
to quaternary converters are designed using down literal circuits. Negation in
modular arithmetic is designed with only one gate. Logic design of each
operation is achieved by reducing the terms using Karnaugh diagrams, keeping
minimum number of gates and depth of net in to consideration. Quaternary
multiplier circuit is proposed to achieve required optimization. Simulation
result of each operation is shown separately using Hspice.Comment: 12 Pages, VLSICS Journal 201
Mathematical modelling of tumour acidity
Acid-mediated tumour invasion is receiving increasing experimental and clinical attention. Previous models proposed to describe this phenomenon failed to capture key properties of the system, such as the existence of the benign steady state, or predicted incorrectly the size of the inter-tissue gap. Here we show that taking proper account of quiescence ameliorates these drawbacks as well as revealing novel behaviour. The simplicity of the model allows us to fully identify the key parameters controlling different aspects of behaviour
Predicting Axonal Response to Molecular Gradients with a Computational Model of Filopodial Dynamics
Axons are often guided to their targets in the developing nervous system by attractive or repulsive molecular concentration gradients. We propose a computational model for gradient sensing and directed movement of the growth cone mediated by filopodia. We show that relatively simple
mechanisms are sufficient to generate realistic rajectories for both the short-term response of axons to steep gradients and the long-term response of axons to shallow gradients. The model makes testable predictions for axonal response to attractive and repulsive gradients of different
concentrations and steepness, the size of the intracellular amplification of the gradient signal, and the differences in intracellular signaling required for repulsive versus attractive turning
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