Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects millions of people. The trend continues to be upward. Youth and children are not exempt from this. It is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Causes are impaired insulin secretion, resistance to the peripheral action of insulin, or both. There are three types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational. Type 2 DM accounts for around 90% of all cases of DM. In type 2 DM, the body\u27s response to insulin diminishes causing insulin resistance. It is commonly seen in people older than 45 years old but increasingly seen in children, and young adults due to changes in lifestyle, obesity, physical inactivity, and an energy-dense diet. The main symptoms of T2DM are described as three polys – polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. It can be prevented and managed with the proper implementation of behavioral and lifestyle changes. A deeper understanding of T2DM must be developed through research on multiple aspects of the disease

A brief review on preparation and application of MWCNT-based polymer nanocomposites

Technological advancementalways seeks new materials with improved functional properties, particularly for smart applications. In this regard, nanotechnology is offering today wide range of novel material designs fabricated by compounding nanofillers into the polymer matrix. Different allotropic forms of carbon can reinforce the properties of polymers for various applications. Reinforcement depends on the dimension, shape, size and compatibility of the nanofiller with the polymer matrix. Chemical modification of filler surfaces and the matrix can selectively localize the filler in the hybrid composites in the desired phase or at the interface by melt mixing or solution casting method, during compounding procedure. In this regard, the conducting nature of the additioin of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a polymer matrix fosters the conductivity into the materials. Such nanocomposites can be used for numerous applications such as conducting materials, super-capacitors, light emitting devices, medical purposes etc,. This review paper focuses on different methods of preparation of MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites, their surface properties, and microbial properties etc,

Efficacy of anti-thrombotic treatment in thrombophilia patients with adverse pregnancy outcome

Background: Thrombophilia is a potentially treatable cause of adverse pregnancy outcome. The objective was to compare the fetomaternal outcome in thrombophilia patients with adverse pregnancy outcome after treating with low-molecular-weight (LMW)/ unfractionated heparin and aspirin.Methods: 54 antenatal women studied who had an earlier or presenting pregnancy complicated by adverse pregnancy outcome were included in this study. In the present pregnancy, therapy consisting of LMW heparin and aspirin was administered who were found to be thrombophilia positive. Patients also received folic acid supplementation throughout their pregnancy. The fetomaternal outcome is compared according to the time of initiation of treatment.Results: Low-molecular-weight heparin and aspirin was well tolerated and none of the women or the newborns developed any hemorrhagic complications.3 thrombophilia negative cases with history of recurrent pregnancy loss aborted even getting treatment from 1 trimester. 1 thrombophilia positive case with history of recurrent pregnancy loss aborted when received treatment from 2nd trimester. There is 25.8% increase in birth weight of neonate if thrombophilia positive cases were treated from 1st trimester. Whereas there was only 10.23% increase in birth weight in thrombophilia negative cases when treated from first trimester. We found, our treatment was significantly effective in preventing IUD, IUGR, abruption, abortion, eclampsia. Though prevention of PIH had no significant correlation with antithrombotic treatment, only 2 cases booked from 1st trimester developed PIH among thrombophilia positive cases. But neither of cases had suffered from any severe complication as compared to 81% of eclampsia cases, 16.67% of DVT cases, 1 case of mortality in cases treated after third trimester.Conclusions: This case control trial suggests that patients with adverse pregnancy outcome and thrombophilia may get benefit from treatment with combined LMW heparin and aspirin in subsequent pregnancies. We suggest all patients with adverse pregnancy outcome should be investigated for thrombophilia markers

Prevalence and significance of thrombophilia markers in adverse pregnancy outcome

Background: Thrombophilia complicates the pregnancy by interfering the physiology of utero-placental circulation which in turn leads to IUGR, IUD, PIH, RPL, abruption placentae. This study is to find out the prevalence and significance of different thrombophilia markers in cases of adverse pregnancy outcome in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods: 54 antenatal women are selected from the cases presented with or previous history of PIH, IUGR, IUD, Abruption or early/late abortion. A thorough family history, history of risk factors, clinical examination were noted. Platelet count, prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), plasma fibrinogen, factor-VIII assay, LA, ACLA, protein- C, protein- S, TORCH, thyroid profile, blood sugar, USG is done in all patients at the time of first registration. 50 antenatal females without any bad obstetric history was taken as controls.Results: Among 54 cases, 64.8% cases were positive for thrombophilia markers, whereas 6% control had presence of thrombophilia markers. 6.5% thrombophilia positive cases had ≥3 markers present and had ≥2 manifestations of adverse pregnancy outcome in 100% cases. Prevalence of different thrombophilia markers are studied in individual case and association to various outcomes were noted.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of thrombophilia markers in the cases with adverse pregnancy outcome. As treatment was found significantly effective in literature, screening of these markers should be done in patients with bad obstetric history

Shigellosis in Nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance

Background: Shigella is a major cause of gastroenteritis especially in children. In developing countries, the incidence is frequent and results are often life threatening. Changing epidemiology and emerging antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of susceptibility. The present study highlights the changing epidemiology and drug resistance patterns of Shigella isolated at different hospitals of Nepal over a period of 13 years (Jan. 2003\u2013Dec. 2015). Methods: This study was carried out in 12 participating laboratories. Stool specimens received at respective laboratories were processed for isolation and identification of Shigella species and confirmed by serotyping at National Public Health Laboratory. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined by Kirby Baeur disc diffusion test. Results: A total of 332 isolates were identified as Shigella species of which Shigella flexneri (50 %) was the predominant serotype. Shigella dysenteriae , Shigella sonnei , Shigella boydii , and untypable Shigella spp. respectively, accounted for 28.6, 27.54, 10.2, 4.5, and 6.6 % of the total number. Change in prevalent serotype is noted over the years. S. dysenteriae was the prevalent species in Nepal in 2003 and 2004, but since 2005, S. flexneri remained prevalent. Majority of the isolates were recovered from children aged 1\u201310 years and was statistically significant (p = 0.023) compared to the other age groups. High resistance among all Shigella species to the first-line drugs like ampicillin (88 %), cotrimoxazole (76 %), ciprofloxacin (39 %,) and nalidixic acid (80 %) was observed; 46.1 % of total isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and the most common MDR profile was ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole. Prevalence of MDR increased significantly in 2010 as compared to 2003. Only few Shigella isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone. Conclusions: The study revealed S. flexneri as the predominant serogroup in Nepal. Children below 10 years were more prone to the disease. Nalidixic acid, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin should not be used empirically as the first-line drugs in treatment of shigellosis. Since the distribution of different species of Shigella and their antibiotic susceptibility profile may vary from one geographical location to another and may also change with time, continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary for appropriate antimicrobial therapy

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and weed management on the yield of transplant aman rice

The research work was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during aman season from July to December 2015 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and weed management on the growth and yield of transplant aman rice cv. BRRI dhan46. The experiment consisted of four fertilizer treatments viz. 0 kg N ha−1 (N0), 40 kg N ha−1(N1), 80 kg N ha−1(N2) and 120 kg N ha−1(N3) and four weeding treatments viz. one hand weeding at 20 DAT (W1), two hand weedings at 20 and 35 DAT (W2), three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT (W3), weeding by Japanese rice weeder twice at 20 and 35 DAT (W4) and unweeded control (W5). The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest plant height (113.00 cm), number of total tillers hill−1 (8.74), number of effective tillers hill−1 (6.18), panicle length (21.98 cm), number of grains panicle−1 (114.20), grain yield (4.00 t ha−1), straw yield (5.25 t ha−1) and biological yield (9.25 t ha−1) were recorded in N2 (80 kg N ha−1) treatment. The lowest plant height (106.00 cm), number of total tillers hill-1 (7.20), number of effective tillers hill−1 (5.00), panicle length (20.70 cm), number of grains panicle−1 (97.60), grain yield (3.52 t ha−1), straw yield (4.46 t ha−1) and biological yield (7.97 t ha−1) were recorded from N0 (No nitrogen fertilizer control) treatment. On the other hand, the highest grain yield 4.23 t ha−1 was observed in three weedings condition because of the highest number of effective tillers hill−1 (6.81), number of grains panicle−1(111.10). The highest straw yield (5.51 t ha−1) was also found in three weeding condition. The lowest grain yield (3.40 t ha−1) was recorded in W5 (unweeded control) treatment. The lowest straw yield (4.31 t ha−1) was also observed in W5 (unweeded control) treatment because of the smallest plant (106.97 cm) and lower number of total tillers hill−1 (7.20). Therefore, 80 kg N ha−1along with three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT may be used for obtaining the highest grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan4

Comparative Study of Polymer Composites with Cellulose Microfibers from Different Plant Resources

Wheat stalk (W), Fosro (F), Nigalo with waxy layer (NW), and Nigalo without waxy layer (NWo) were used to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), the xMCC (where x represents origin such as W, F, NW, and NWo) by thermochemical and mechanical treatments. About 10 wt% of xMCC and commercial MCC (C-MCC) were solution casted with ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin (EO-EPI) to prepare microcomposites. The xMCC and cryo-fractured composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties of the composites were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis to observe the effect of fillers on viscoelastic properties. The results concluded that the xMCCs are homogeneously dispersed in the EO-EPI polymer matrix, which reinforced the viscoelastic and mechanical properties in EO-EPI composites, and reinforcement is dramatically high with NWoMCC compared to NWMCC, WMCC, FMCC, and C-MCC

Oral: Vaginal Misoprostol: Which route for induction of term labor?

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of oral misoprostol with vaginal misoprostol for induction of labour at or more than 40 weeks of pregnancy