Productivity in Chilli (cv. LCA 334) as Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Management in Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during the kharif season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 in vertisols with an objective to assess effectiveness of organic nutrient package for yield sustainability and to assess inorganic nutrient management package vis-a-vis organic package for yield and quality in chilli cv. LCA 334. Farmers of this region generally use very high doses of inorganic fertilizers with improper nutrient balance which has led to deterioration of productivity and quality of both the produce soil. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with ten treatments, in combinations of organic and inorganic sources. The organic sources used were: green manure (incorporation of pillipesara), neem cake, Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, VAM and burnt ash, and integrated with 50%, 75% and 100% recommended nitrogen in the form of chemical fertilizer. Results revealed that maximum dry chilli yield ( 5397kg ha-1) was recorded in combined application of green manure, neem cake, Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, burnt ash along with 100% recommended nitrogen

A Novel approach for Privacy Preserving in Video using Extended Euclidean algorithm Based on Chinese remainder theorem

The development in the modern technology paved a path in the utilization of surveillance cameras in streets, offices and other areas but this significantly leads a threat to the privacy of visitors, passengers or employees, leakage of information etc.. To overcome this threat, privacy and security needs to be incorporated in the practical surveillance system. It secures the video information which is resided in various video file types. In this process we used an efficient framework to preserve the privacy while distributing secret among ‘N’ number of parties. In this paper we analyzed various techniques of Chinese Remainder Theorem

Variability Studies in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with Reference to Yield Attributes

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh during the rainy season 2004-2007, with ten chilli genotypes supplied by AICRP on vegetables (from different geographical sources). This was to study genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean for several economic characters to identify promising cultivars suitable for the Krishna-Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh. Data were collected on eight characters, viz., plant height, plant spread and number of fruits per plant; fruit length, fruit girth, number of seeds per fruit, ripe-chilli yield and dry-chilli yield. Significant differences were observed among genotypes in respect of all the characters studied. Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was slightly higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the traits, indicating a low environmental influence on expression of these traits. High GCV and PCV were observed for ripe-chilli yield, dry-chilli yield, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and fruit length indicating a higher magnitude of variability in these traits and, consequently, a greater scope for improvement through simple selection. Low GCV and PCV were recorded for plant height, plant spread and fruit girth suggesting a limited variability, for these traits. High heritability, coupled with high Genetic Advance as per cent mean, was observed for ripe-chilli yield, dry chilli yield, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and fruit length, indicating the influence of additive genes. These characters-with high GCV, PCV, Heritability and Genetic Advance as per cent mean-should be considered as reliable selection criteria for crop improvement for yield and yield attributing characters in chilli

Retrospective study of Ct brain imaging findings indicated for infants at a tertiary care hospital

Computed tomography in the diagnosis of pathologies in children is becoming increasingly popular. The aim: to study findings of referrals for CT scans (Computerised Tomography) of the brain in children in the department of Radiology in a developing environment. Materials and methods: retrospective imaging observational study was done in a 1000 bedded tertiary care hospital in South India in the year 2022 from April to August for 5 months under 16 slice CT scan. Cases are referred from the department of Pediatrics to the department of Radiology as part of the routine clinical evaluation and treatment protocol. Results: Our sample includes 100 infants; after exclusion criteria total of 60 infants' brain CTs were taken into account, and analysed their imaging from radiology department records. Of 60 cases, 18 (30 %) showed HIE Pattern, and 42 (70 %) had normal plain CT Brain findings. However, due to clinical signs and symptoms, they are evaluated under сontrast CT imaging (after checking creatinine levels), showing 20 cases (33.3 %) are standard, 10 cases (16.6 %) show meningitis, and 2 cases (3.3 %) show SOL. Out of 18 cases of HIE, 10 cases (16.6 %) are under less than 6 months and they undergone neuro sonogram showing 4 cases (6.6 %) normal NSG, 2 cases (3.3 %) showing grade IV HIE, another 2 cases (3.3 %) showing grade II, III HIE Findings. Conclusions: Our study concluded that plain CT brain showed normal in the majority of the cases which came to the department of Radiology after admission to the hospital. Those cases with strong clinical history are evaluated with contrast CT and evaluated the findings. After contrast imaging, most cases showing their infective, obstructive, and other causes of illness are interpreted. However, its role is minimal for seizures in which CT/CECT shows normal study. Under 6 months, NSG is a suitable method for evaluating and screening the infant's brain

Study of drying methods and chemical treatments on quality aspects of chilli cv.LCA 334

The experiment to using chilli Cv. LCA 334 was conducted at Regional Agricultural ResearchStation. Lam, Guntur during the year 2003-2004. The results revealed significant differencesamong different drying methods and chemical treatments and their interactions on qualityconstituents of chilli viz; oleoresin, capsanthin and capsaicin.  Among the drying methods ,Tobacco barn drying gave the highest oleoresin content of 10.5% and was found superior tothe other methods of drying viz; ground, tarpaulin and mechanical drying. However, thechemicals viz; BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole), potassium carbonate and dipsol used fordrying did not exert significant influence on oleoresin content. Among the interactions,chilli treated with dipsol and dried in tobacco barn  recorded the highest oleoresin content of10.7% followed by chilli treated with  BHA and dried in tobacco barn (10.5%). With regard tocapsanthin content, the chilli dried in mechanical drier recorded the highest value (14503EOA colour value) followed by tobacco barn drying (13893 EOA colour value) and werefound superior to chilli dried on ground  / tarpaulin. Among the chemical treatments, chillitreated with dipsol recorded the highest capsanthin content (13923 EOA colour value) andfound significantly superior to all the other treatments tried.. With regard to the capsaicincontent, chilli dried in tobacco barn recorded the highest capsaicin content (0.502%), closelyfollowed by chilli dried on ground (0.498%) and were found on par with each other andsignificantly superior to tarpaulin and mechanical drying.. Among the chemicals, BHAsignificantly increased the capsaicin content (0.508%) and found superior to  check (0.468%)and  also the other chemicals tried. Among the interactions, chilli treated with BHA anddried in tobacco barn recorded the highest capsaicin content (0.576%) and found significantlysuperior to all other interactions. &nbsp

Storage studies of chilli (Capsicum annuum L) cultivars on germination and vigour index

The experiment was conducted at the Chillies Improvement Project, Regional AgriculturalResearch Station, Lam, Guntur and in the Priyanka Cold Store, Chilakaluripet Road, Gunturduring the year 2001-2002.  The fresh ripe chilli cultivars viz: LCA 334, LCA 357, LCA 206,LCA 235, Paprika type, Guntur Grand and Wonder Hot  were collected and Sun dried bothmoisture lend of  10-11 per cent. Then the dried chilli was packed in gunny bags in two sets.One set was kept in cold store and the other set at ambient condition. Samples were drawnat monthly intervals and subjected to seed germination and seedling vigour index.  Theseeds of cultivars LCA 235, LCA 206, LCA 334 and LCA 357 recorded higher germinationpercentage and vigour index at different intervals of storage. The chilli stored in cold storeproved superior to ambient storage even for good quality seed. &nbsp

Variability and genetic divergence in paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) 1

Ninety four paprika (Capsicum annuum) accessions were evaluated for 17 characters forvariability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence at Lam, Guntur (AndhraPradesh). Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV and GCV) andheritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of fruits plant-1,fresh fruit yield plant-1, dry fruit yield plant-1, 100 seed weight, number of seeds fruit-1 andcapsanthin, capsaicin and oleoresin contents indicating the higher magnitude of variabilityfor these traits and consequently more scope for their improvement through selection. Plantheight, plant spread and fruit diameter exhibited moderate PCV and GCV estimates suggestingthe possible role of environment in expression of these characters. Cluster analysis throughMahalanobis D2 analysis classified the 94 genotypes into 10 clusters indicating considerablegenetic diversity in the material studied. &nbsp

Biochemical evaluation of chilli (Capsicum annuum L) cultivars suitable for export

Chilli, an important spice of India is cultivated in all the states and Union territories of thecountry. Some varieties are famous for typical red colour and others are known for pungency.A study was conducted on biochemical constituents viz., oleoresin, capsanthin and capsaicinfor two consecutive years viz; 2005-06 and 2006-07.Twenty three cultivars collected from thecoordinated centres of All India Co-ordinated Vegetable Improvement Project from all overthe country were used in this study. Among the cultivars studied, PC-7  and PC-6 fromPantnagar  recorded the highest colour value of 50782 and 49456 EOA colour value respectivelyand the lowest colour value was recorded by DCL-352(19932 EOA colour value) . The highestoleoresin content was recorded by DCL 352 (13.82%) of IARI and the lowest was recorded byPC-7 (6.91%). The capsaicin content among the entries was in the range of 0.256 % (SKAU-C-101) to 0.528% (BC-40-2). From the above study, it was concluded that the cultivars viz;PC-7, PC-6 of Pantnagar and Sel 11 of Ludhiana had high colour value and   similarly BC-40-2 of Bhubaneshwar had high pungency and suitable to catch high market price both indomestic and export market &nbsp

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes: Facilitators and barriers - A qualitative study

Introduction: Diabetes is a major noncommunicable disease affecting more than 65 million Indians. Although treatment algorithms suggest lifestyle measures (diet and exercise) along with medications data regarding adherence to exercise as well as facilitators and barriers to the practice of physical activity in such patients are limited. Hence, this qualitative study was conducted. Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the factors which (1) Facilitated and (2) hindered the practice of regular exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methodology: The study was conducted on 13 diabetic patients admitted to a tertiary care center in Bengaluru - St. John's Medical College Hospital, to explore factors that acted as facilitators and barriers to physical activity. Data saturation with the coded themes was achieved on interviewing 13 patients, after which, thematic analysis was done, and final themes reported. Results: The age of the study participants (7 males, 6 females) ranged from 40 to 80 years. Among those who did exercise, factors such as awareness regarding the benefits of exercise and complications linked with diabetes, positive family support, and emphasis by nursing staff emerged as facilitators. Lack of time, obligations to others, inability to link exercise with blood sugar control, lack of perception of obesity as a health issue, inadequate emphasis by physicians, social/cultural issues, lack of infrastructure, and physical restriction were the factors that acted as barriers to physical activity. In addition to the above, a clear lack of adherence to standard guidelines, while advising patients by physicians was also noted. Conclusion: A comprehensive approach by both doctors and nurses, based on standard guidelines, could help in implementing adherence to exercise in patients with diabetes