Penetration of mangiferin in the human skin.

<p>The ethanol (96%) as a control (right image) and ethanolic solution of mangiferin (75 μg/ml) (left image) were applied on the skin. After 24h, the skin was observed under the fluorescence microscope Nikon Eclipse 50, filter UV 2A, Ex 330–380 nm.</p

Activity of collagenase (mM/min) vs collagenase concentration (μg/ml) in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 200, 270 and 350 μM).

<p>Activity of collagenase (mM/min) vs collagenase concentration (μg/ml) in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 200, 270 and 350 μM).</p

Lineweaver-Burk plots of collagenase reaction in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 236, 335 and 403 μM).

<p>Lineweaver-Burk plots of collagenase reaction in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 236, 335 and 403 μM).</p

Activity of elastase (mM/min) vs elastase concentration (μg/ml) in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 59, 118 and 177 μM).

<p>Activity of elastase (mM/min) vs elastase concentration (μg/ml) in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 59, 118 and 177 μM).</p

Changes in the activity of collagenase (%) in the presence of increasing concentrations of mangiferin solution (μM).

<p>Changes in the activity of collagenase (%) in the presence of increasing concentrations of mangiferin solution (μM).</p

Lineweaver-Burk plots of elastase reaction in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 59, 118 and 177 μM).

<p>Lineweaver-Burk plots of elastase reaction in the presence of different concentrations of mangiferin solution (0, 59, 118 and 177 μM).</p

Three-dimensional image of mangiferin (75 μg/ml in 50% EtOH) absorption in the skin.

<p>Image was formed by overlapping multiple images of the same area of skin at various focal planes (NIS Elements AR3.2 program).</p

Absorption of mangiferin applied as aqueous ManH₂O and ethanol ManEtOH solutions in the skin layers: the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis (μg/cm²).

<p>After 24 h of mangiferin application, the quantitative content of the compound in all the skin layers was measured with HPLC. The obtained HPLC data (ng/ml) were used to calculate the amount of mangiferin that permeates to the skin surface area of 1 cm². Error bars represent standard deviations. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences among the groups (p>0.05, two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test).</p

Mangiferin (C₁₉H₁₈O₁₁).

<p>Mangiferin (C₁₉H₁₈O₁₁).</p

Changes in the activity of elastase (%) in the presence of increasing concentrations of mangiferin solution (μM).

<p>Changes in the activity of elastase (%) in the presence of increasing concentrations of mangiferin solution (μM).</p