Capital cost and capital structure of businesses in the meat industry listed on the Warsaw stock exchange - a discussion about the problme of valuation

The cost of capital is an important parameter in the assessment of efficient use of sources for business financing. This is also a measure enabling the indirect verification of the basic aim of the company’s long-term business operations – an increase in value. So far, not fully transparent model of evaluating the cost of equity, both in theory and practice, has been developed. As a result, estimations concerning the cost of capital and value of companies are to a large extent subjective. The research – using the CA PM model together with its accepted parameters – proves the stability and precision of the applied methodology. Estimating the cost of capital is of special significance in companies from the Polish meat industry. These entities (in the years under investigation) were obliged to increase investment expenditures as a result of Poland’s accession to the European Union and the necessity to adjust to western-European standards and further consolidation – both in the vertical and horizontal dimensions. Pro-developmental activities required changes in sources of finance and as a result – changes in capital structure. The dilemma concerning “safer” yet more expensive equity, or “cheaper” yet less stable foreign (interest) capital remains unsolved to this day

An Application of Microemulsion Method for Synthesis of Copper-Zinc Materials

Microemulsion method was used for preparation of copperzinc mixed oxides. Samples were prepared from the solutions containing zinc and copper nitrates. Sodium carbonate was used as a precipitant and hydrazine as reducing agent. Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were formed by the application of cyclohexane, isopropyl alcohol, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The aim of the studies was determination of the influence of the sequence of synthesis stages on the formation of materials, their surface and structural properties. Thermal decomposition studies of materials were carried out by infrared spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption method, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR)

An Application of Microemulsion Method for Synthesis of Copper-Zinc Materials

Microemulsion method was used for preparation of copperzinc mixed oxides. Samples were prepared from the solutions containing zinc and copper nitrates. Sodium carbonate was used as a precipitant and hydrazine as reducing agent. Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were formed by the application of cyclohexane, isopropyl alcohol, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The aim of the studies was determination of the influence of the sequence of synthesis stages on the formation of materials, their surface and structural properties. Thermal decomposition studies of materials were carried out by infrared spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption method, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR)