Development of risk models for predicting chronic kidney disease.

<p>ADVANCE, Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; BMI, body mass index; CHF, congestive heart failure; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; CRP, c-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HL, Hosmer-Lemeshow; HTN, hypertension; Hx, history; KD, kidney disease; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus;.</p>a<p>Time horizon is the time over which the prediction of outcomes is made, and is the duration of follow-up in each study unless specified otherwise.</p

External validation of risk models for predicting chronic kidney disease progression.

<p>HL, Hosmer-Lemeshow; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.</p

Development of risk models for predicting the progression of chronic kidney disease.

<p>AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HL, Hosmer-Lemeshow; Hx, history; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; NR, not reported; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TnT, Troponin T.</p>a<p>Time horizon is the time over which the prediction of outcomes is made, and is the duration of follow-up in each study unless specified otherwise.</p

Article selection process.

<p>Article selection process.</p

External validation of risk prediction tools for hypertension.

<p>AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CI; confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HL: Hosmer-Lemeshow; IDI: Integrative Discriminative Index; NA: not applicable; NR: Not reported; NRI: Net Reclassification Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure.</p

Identification of relevant publications.

<p>Identification of relevant publications.</p

Development of risk prediction tools for predicting hypertension.

<p>ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, BMI: body mass index; BP: Blood pressure, CHS: Cardiovascular Health Study, CVD: cardiovascular disease, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, DM; diabetes mellitus, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF: heart failure, HDL-cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein -Cholesterol, IDI: Integrative Discriminative Index, HTN: hypertension, Hx: history, NA: Not applicable, NRI: Net reclassification Index, NR: not reported,, SBP: systolic blood pressure, SD: standard deviation, WC: waist circumference, WHR: waist to hip ratio.</p>*<p>average of the current and previous blood pressure measurements from different time points and entered this, instead of current and previous blood pressure measurements, in the risk prediction score.</p>**<p>Usual systolic and diastolic blood pressures at the previous time point according to the following formula: UBPi = BPbm+ [RDR× (BPbi-BPbm)], where UBPi refers to each participant’s usual blood pressure, BPbm to the average blood pressure in the population, RDR to the regression: dilution ratio, and BPbi to the participant’s blood pressure. The regression: dilution ratio for a non-hypertensive population by using the mean values of the previous and current blood pressures, which were computed within quartiles of the previous blood pressure. The difference in mean blood pressure between the lowest and highest quartiles for the previous blood pressure and the current blood pressures were calculated and their ratio used to estimate the regression: dilution ratio.</p

Mean weight change of study participants.

<p>Analysis of all 48 intervention groups which reported weight change from baseline to end of follow-up period. Data was analyzed with Mix 2.0 using random effects method with the weighting of each study proportional to the inverse of the variance. Study weight is indicated by the size of the box, and horizontal lines indicate the 95% confidence interval. The red line indicates the overall weight change, and summary diamond indicates pooled estimate with reported mean (95% CI).</p

Flow diagram of study search.

<p>This flow chart describes the number of studies that were involved in each step of the process of study selection, from the initial study search. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 44 studies met criteria and were included in the final analysis.</p

Outcomes stratified by the presence of maintenance.

<p>(Supporting forest plot in <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002095#pmed.1002095.s010" target="_blank">S9 Fig</a>.)</p