Efek Bubuk Susu Kedelai terhadap Kadar Kolesterol LDL dan HDL Serum Wanita Perimenopause dengan Hiperkolesterolemia

Perimenopausal women is at risk of atherosclerosis as a result of the increase of LDL cholesterol level and the decrease of HDL cholesterol level.  Soy milk powder consumption may protect toward these risk factors. This purpose of study is to investigate the effects of 2x30 g/d soy milk flour for eight weeks on serum cholesterol LDL and HDL levels in hypercholesterolemic perimenopausal women. The 19 subjects received 2x30 g/d soy milk powder for eight weeks. LDL and HDL serum cholesterol levels were determined at 0, 4, 9 weeks. Dietary intakes were assesed using 1x24 hours food recall. Statistical analysis used t Test. After eight weeks intervention, Soy milk powder decreases significant (p0.05) LDL cholesterol levels at the 4th  week (8.59±17.31%), and the8th week (7.81±11.32%). Soy milk powder can’t increase HDL cholesterol levels at the 4th and 8th weeks significantly.  Soy milk decrease significant the ratio of LDL to HDL (7,03±16,82%) at the 4th week. Consuming soy milk powder 2 x 30 g/d during eight weeks can reduce the LDL cholesterol level and LDL/HDL ratio significantly

Oxidative Stress, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α, and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in the Hearts of Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia

Hypobaric hypoxia is situation that might occur to helicopter pilots in Indonesia who must fly at an altitude of more than 3,048 m such as in Papua. It can be dangerous because hypoxic condition can affect person's performance. So far, the heart is known as an aerobic organ and very sensitive to hypoxic conditions. Hitherto, the effects of hypobaric hypoxia exposure on biomolecular aspects of the heart are still unclear. Therefore, this study assessed cardiac response in rats exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) (equivalent to 3,048 meters/10,000 feet). Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control; acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH); and IHH, for 7; 14; 21; and 28 days. We measured super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), cytoglobin, myoglobin, HIF-1α, and Nrf2 level as our parameters. Activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH increased while the levels of MDA, cytoglobin, myoglobin, HIF-1α, and Nrf2 decreased in all IHH groups compared with the AHH group. A biphasic pattern was observed as IHH sessions increased from 14 to 21 or 28. Where the IHH treatment for more than 14 sessions caused a decrease in endogenous antioxidants, but the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress increased. Our findings presented the molecular alterations of cardiac rats exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia

RESPONSES OF BRAIN TISSUES AGAINST HYPOXIC CONDITION IN HEMORRHAGIC STROKE PATIENTS: NEUROGLOBIN EXPRESSION IN BRAIN TISSUE AND PLASMA

Objective: Strokes remain a significant health concern and are the highest cause of mortality and physical or mental disability in productive and the elderly hospitalized patients in Indonesia. Neuroglobin (Ngb) mostly located in the central and peripheral nervous system, predicted enhanced neuronal survival under hypoxic condition, such as in a stroke. The aim of this study is to observe the response of the brain tissue of hemorrhagic stroke patients against hypoxic/ischemic conditions. The objectives are to recognize the pattern of Ngb expression in the brain tissue and plasma of hemorrhagic stroke patients, and furthermore, to compare the level of Ngb in the brain tissue and plasma of hemorrhagic stroke patients.Methods: This is an observational study with consecutive sampling methods using cerebral cortex and the blood of hemorrhagic stroke patients, who underwent craniotomies to evacuate hematomas at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and other hospitals in Jakarta. Ngb expression was measured in brain tissue and blood using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, while the ELISA method was adopted to measure Ngb protein in plasma.Results: Hypoxia/ischemia in the brain tissue of hemorrhagic stroke patients increased the expression of Ngb in brain tissue compared to the blood. The level of Ngb protein in plasma of hemorrhagic stroke patients increased significantly compared to normal subjects; however, there is no significant difference between the plasma and brain tissue of hemorrhagic stroke patients.Conclusion: Hypoxia/ischemia in hemorrhagic stroke patients increases the expression of Ngb mRNA and protein level.Keywords: Neuroglobin, Hypoxia, Hemorrhagic stroke

Spirulina platensis effect on oxidative stress of rat’s offspring brain exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy and lactation

Background: Maternal exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy and lactation might harmful for the fetus. The smoke contains many free radicals that could be eliminated by antioxidant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis ethanol extract as antioxidant against cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy until lactation by assessing oxidative stress markers in neonatal brain tissues. Methods: The experimental study used 26 offspring divided into four groups: (C) = offspring of maternal control group; (Cg) = offspring of maternal exposed to cigarette smoke; (CgSp) = offspring of maternal given spirulina and exposed to cigarette smoke; and (Sp) = offspring of maternal given spirulina only group, during gestation and 9 days lactation (30 days). Each group consisted of 6 offspring obtained from 2 adult females mated with male Sprague-Dawley rats. The exposure of cigarette smoke was 4 burn cigarettes/day for 30 days. The dose of extract was 200 mg/kg BW. The offspring were sacrificed, and the brain tissues were taken for MDA, MnSOD activity, as well as catalase activity, carbonyl, and GSH. Results: There was no significant differences in MDA level between groups. The carbonyl, SOD, and catalase activity did not differ between the control and smoked group. Conclusion: Exposure of four burned cigarettes smoke per day during pregnancy, and 9 days of lactation did not trigger oxidative stress. However, the effect of Spirulina platensis administration on rat offspring brain could not be analyzed

Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and Myoglobin in Rat Heart as Adaptive Response to Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on the expression hypoxia adaptation proteins, namely hypoxia inducibla factor-1a (HIF-1a) and myoglobin (Mb). Twenty five male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber in Indonesian Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, for 49.5 minutes at various low pressure, 1 week interval for 4 times (day 1, 8, 15 and 22). HIF-1α and Mb protein were measured with ELISA. mRNA expression of Mb was measured with one step real time RT-PCR. HIF-1α protein levels increased after induction of hypobaric hypoxia and continues to decrease after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3 times (ANOVA, p = 0.0437). mRNA expression and protein of Mb increased after induction of hypobaric hypoxia and continues to decrease after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3 times (ANOVA, p = 0.0283; 0.0170), and both are strongly correlated (Pearson, r = 0.6307). The heart of rats adapted to intermittent hypoxia conditions by upregulation the expression of HIF-1a and myoglobin and then both return to normal level

Oxidative Stress in Liver Tissue of Rat Induced by Chronic Systemic Hypoxia

The aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (µg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia

The Physical, Chemical, and the Biological Stability Test on Liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 as the Newest Drug Delivery Systems (Drug Carrier), In Vitro and In Vivo

This experiment is carried out in order to improve the stability of the Liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 physically, chemically, and biologically. As a new formula, this liposome that has contained phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk=EPC and Tetra-ether Lipid (TEL) from membrane of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius or Thermoplasma acidophilum had never been tested on their stability. The stability of liposome to carry the drug into the targeted cells or organs is required for determining the therapeutic dose of the drugs. Physically, the test was done by measuring the amount and diameter of liposome after incubating at 4º C, at room temperature, and 37º C. Chemically, the test was also done using the same parameters after introduction of chemical solution of NaCl, CaCl2; MgCl2; at the pH of 5; 7; 9. The measurements was carried out on day 1; 7; and month 1; 2; and 3. Biologically, liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 was injected Intra-Peritoneally to mice to detect the degradation of TEL in their liver, at the minute of 0; 30 ; 60 ; the hour of 2; 4; and 8. The results of these tests were shown that liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 was stable until the last month of 1 at 4º C and 37º C on physical stability test; more stable at the chemical solution of NaCl and CaCl2 at the pH of 5 and 7 until two months; and TEL was degradable in liver of mice

The Physical, Chemical, and the Biological Stability Test on Liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 as the Newest Drug Delivery Systems (Drug Carrier), In Vitro and In Vivo

This experiment is carried out in order to improve the stability of the Liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 physically, chemically, and biologically. As a new formula, this liposome that has contained phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk=EPC and Tetra-ether Lipid (TEL) from membrane of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius or Thermoplasma acidophilum had never been tested on their stability. The stability of liposome to carry the drug into the targeted cells or organs is required for determining the therapeutic dose of the drugs. Physically, the test was done by measuring the amount and diameter of liposome after incubating at 4º C, at room temperature, and 37º C. Chemically, the test was also done using the same parameters after introduction of chemical solution of NaCl, CaCl2; MgCl2 at the pH of 5; 7; 9. The measurements was carried out on day 1; 7; and month 1; 2; and 3. Biologically, liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 was injected Intra-Peritoneally to mice to detect the degradation of TEL in their liver, at the minute of 0; 30 ; 60 ; the hour of 2; 4; and 8. The results of these tests were shown that liposome EPC-TEL 2.5 was stable until the last month of 1 at 4º C and 37º C on physical stability test; more stable at the chemical solution of NaCl and CaCl2 at the pH of 5 and 7 until two months; and TEL was degradable in liver of mice

CORRELATION OF (PRO)RENIN RECEPTOR AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION LEVEL IN THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREECLAMPSIA PLACENTAS

Objective: This cross-sectional study was designed to correlate the expression of mRNA and protein of (pro)renin receptor ([P]RR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene in preeclampsia placentas.Methods: We used 34 placenta tissues of normal pregnancy and 34 preeclampsia placenta tissues. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure relative expression of VEGF and (P)RR mRNAs, and protein concentration was measured using Sandwich ELISA technique.Results: VEGF mRNA relative expression of preeclampsia placenta was 2.83 times higher than the normal placenta (p=0.02). (P)RR mRNA relative expression on preeclampsia placenta was 1.7 times higher than the normal one (p=0.039). Expression of protein (P)RR and VEGF was lower on preeclampsia shown by p<0.05, R=0.441. From this research, it was considered that low protein of (P)RR and VEGF contributes to preeclampsia.Conclusion: There was a correlation between (P)RR and VEGF. It considers that there is any involvement of (P)RR on angiogenesis through VEGF expression in preeclampsia placenta