EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PORCINE TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE “ALTO SERTÃO” REGION OF SERGIPE, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis.Serological studies have demonstrated the parasite occurrence in swine from different regions; however there are no studies that can demonstrate epidemiological status of porcine toxoplasmosis in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. The study purposes were to verify the anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies presence and identify risk factors associated with infection in pigs. An amount of 230 blood samples of pigs over four months of age from 45 farms were collected and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied on the properties of origin of the animals to identify risk factors associated with theinfection. A seroprevalence of 8.3% with the titre ranging from 64 (15/230) to 1024 (02/230) was found. Animals from the municipalities of Poço Redondo and Canindé de São Francisco showed the highest prevalences, 18.52% (5/27) and 12.90% (4/31), respectively. The seroprevalence found was considered low when compared to previous studies performed in Brazil, particularly in the northeast region. The age of slaughtered animals should be considered and positive association between the variables age and T. gondii infection was found. Most of swine sampled (194/230) were up to six months which may also influence in the seroprevalence. A low anti-T.gondii seroprevalence was observed in the present study, however it is concluded that T. gondii infection is present in pigs population. The knowledge about its frequency contributes to the establishment of strategies for disease control by appliance of prevention measures in livestock production

Expressão em Escherichia coli de uma proteína recombinante do gene A2 de Leishmania chagasi e utilização desta proteína no diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral canina

A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose, considerada como uma entre seis doenças tropicais mais importantes nos países em desenvolvimento. O agente etiológico da enfermidade no Brasil, a Leishmania chagasi, é transmitida pela picada do flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis, que adquire o parasito ao realizar o hematofagismo em animais infectados. No ambiente doméstico, o cão é considerado o principal reservatório da leishmaniose visceral e, em consequência disso, é também o principal alvo das campanhas de controle da forma humana da doença. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o potencial diagnóstico para a leishmaniose visceral canina de um antígeno recombinante, produzido a partir do gene de uma proteína, isolado em L. chagasi, amostra Jaboticabal. O gene isolado apresenta similaridade com a família A2 de L. chagasi e foi expresso utilizando o vetor pET28a em E. coli. A proteína de 11 KDa expressa, foi avaliada pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). O ELISA com o antígeno recombinante His6_A2 detectou anticorpos anti-A2 em 52% dos cães infectados com L. chagasi. Enquanto que, 67% dos soros de animais vacinados e 65% dos animais de áreas-não endêmicas, foram negativos pelo ELISA_A2. Os testes de Western-blotting e Dot-ELISA realizado com soros de camundongos inoculados com essa proteína His_A2 demonstrou resultados positivos de antigenicidade e imunogenicidade. Todos os sequenciamentos de DNA mostraram homologia com genes da família A2.Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis and one of six most important tropical diseases in developing countries. The causative agent of the disease in Brazil, Leishmania chagasi, is transmitted by the bite of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis, who acquired the parasite biting infected animals. In domestic environment, the dog is considered the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis, and in consequence it is also the main target of campaigns to control the disease in human beings. This study evaluated the potential of a recombinant antigen produced from the A2 gene Jaboticabal strain L. chagasi for diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC). The isolated gene showed similarity with L. chagasi family A2 gene, and was expressed using pET28a expression vector in E. coli. The 11-kDa protein expressed was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using known positive and negative sera, previously tested by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). The His-A2 recombinantantigen detected anti-A2 antibodies in 52% of L. chagasi infected dogs. Seventy-seven percent of vaccinated dogs and 65% of dogs from non-endemic areas were both negative by A2-ELISA. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of the expressed protein was confirmed by Western blot and Dot-ELISA assays, performed using sera from mice inoculated with this protein.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Estudo da resposta imune de camundongos BALB/c com a proteína recombinante A2 de Leishmania chagasi

The causative agent of the disease in Brazil is Leishmania chagasi. It is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, which acquires the parasite to realize the hematophagism in infected animals. This work aimed to study the immune response of BALB / c mice immunized with the recombinant protein produced from A2-L gene of L. chagasi, isolated sample of a dog the Veterinary Hospital of FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal and to evaluate the ability of this recombinant protein to induce immunoprotection in animals after challenge with the parasite. Forty mice were divided into four groups: G1, 10 animals inoculated with L. chagasi promastigotes; G2, 10 animals inoculated with the recombinant protein A2-L; G3, 10 animals immunized with the recombinant protein A2-L and challenged with promastigotes of L. chagasi; G4, 10 animals inoculated with saline (negative control). Characteristics evaluated humoral immune response were antibodies of the IgG class and IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, the indirect ELISA. As for the cellular immune response, we evaluated the production of CD4+ and CD8+ by flow cytometry technique and evaluated the immunoblots of CD4+, CD8+, iNOS, macrophages, MHC I, MHC II and B lymphocytes, by the technique of immunohistochemistry. The production of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10) by RT-PCR in real time and, the parasite load of the spleens of mice infected with the parasite by qPCR. The G3 had a pattern of humoral response Th1 = Th2, while the G1, the pattern was Th1< Th2. The G3 group also showed higher production of CD8 cells and cells expressing MHC I, MHC II and iNOS. The group G3 excels in the production of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α, mRNA the spleen cells. The parasite load was significantly lower in the group G3, less than half of that found in G1. We therefore conclude that the G3 group produced a pattern of humoral and cellular responses, which according to literature suggests be effective ...O agente etiológico da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil, é a Leishmania chagasi. Ela é transmitida pela picada do flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis, que adquire o parasito ao realizar o hematofagismo em animais infectados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resposta imune de camundongos BALB/c imunizados com a proteína recombinante produzido a partir do gene A2-L de L. chagasi, amostra isolada de um cão atendido no Hospital Veterinário da FCAV-UNESP, campus de Jaboticabal-SP, e avaliar a capacidade dessa proteína recombinante em induzir imunoproteção nos animais, após desafio com o parasito. Quarenta camundongos foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1, 10 animais inoculados com promastigotas de L. chagasi; G2, 10 animais inoculados com a proteína recombinante A2-L; G3, 10 animais imunizados com a proteína recombinante A2-L e desafiados com promastigotas de L. chagasi; G4, 10 animais inoculados com solução salina (controle negativo). Os parâmetros da resposta imune humoral avaliados foram anticorpos da classe IgG e das subclasses IgG1 e IgG2a, pelo ELISA indireto. Quanto à resposta imune celular, avaliou-se a produção de células CD4+ e CD8+, pela técnica de citometria de fluxo e, as imunomarcações de CD4+, CD8+, iNOS, macrófagos, MHC I, MHC II e Linfócitos B, pela técnica de imunohistoquímica. A produção de citocinas (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 e IL-10), pela técnica de PCR em Tempo Real Quantitativo de Transcrição Reversa (RTqPCR) e, a carga parasitária dos baços dos camundongos infectados com o parasita por qPCR. O grupo G3 teve um padrão de resposta humoral do tipo Th1=Th2, enquanto o grupo G1, o padrão de resposta foi do tipo Th1<Th2. O grupo G3 também apresentou maior produção de linfócitos CD8 e de células expressando MHC I, MHC II e iNOS. O grupo G3 se sobressai na produção de mRNA da IL-2, do IFN-γ e do TNF-α, pelas células do baço. A carga parasitária foi..

Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cats with outdoor access in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

O presente estudo objetivou verificar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em gatos com acesso à rua em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. A presença de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum foi verificado pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum foram detectados em 101 (50,5%) e 54 (27%) gatos amostrados, respectivamente. Os títulos de anticorpos anti-T. gondii variaram de 40 (ponto de corte) a 2560. Por outro lado, anticorpos anti-N. caninum variaram de 25 (ponto de corte) a 400. Vinte e sete gatos (13,5%) mostraram-se soropositivos para ambos os parasitas. Setenta e quatro gatos (34%) foram soropositivos somente para T. gondii. Vinte e dois gatos (11%) foram soropositivos somente para N. caninum. O presente estudo demonstrou que gatos com acesso à rua em São Luís, Maranhão, são expostos ao T. gondii e N. caninum.The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cats with outdoor access in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The presence of IgG anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies was tested using the Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). IgG anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in 101 (50.5%) and 54 (27%) sampled cats, respectively. The titers of anti-T. gondii antibodies ranged from 40 (cut-off) to 2560. on the other hand, the titers of anti-N. caninum antibodies ranged from 25 (cut-off) to 400. Twenty-seven cats (13.5%) were shown to be seropositive for both parasites. Seventy-four cats (34%) were seropositive only for T. gondii. Twenty-two cats (11%) were seropositive only for N. caninum. The present study showed that cats with outdoor access in São Luís, Maranhão, are exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Lack of acquired resistance in dogs to successive infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from Brazil and Argentina

Comparative studies between brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus populations from Brazil (Jaboticabal, São Paulo) and Argentina (Rafaela, Santa Fé) showed significant biological, morphological and genetic differences between them. This work aimed to study, in a comparative way, the acquisition of resistance in domestic dogs to R. sanguineus from Jaboticabal and Rafaela, after successive and controlled infestations. Ticks were kept in a BOD incubator under controlled conditions (27 °C, 80 % relative humidity, 12-h photoperiod). Ten dogs, Dachshund breed, males and females, 6 months old, short- or long-haired, without prior contact with ticks, were used as hosts. They were distributed into two experimental groups composed of five animals each: G1 infested with ten adult couples of R. sanguineus (Jaboticabal) per animal, and G2 infested with ten adult couples of R. sanguineus (Rafaela) per animal. Ticks' biological parameters and titration of antibodies from the dogs' sera by ELISA test were used for comparison between the strains. Results of the biological parameters showed that the dogs did not acquire immunity to either of the R. sanguineus strains after repeated infestations. The ELISA test showed low antibody titers in sera of dogs from G2, in successive infestations, and higher antibody responses post second and third infestations in G1. It also demonstrated cross-reactivity between sera of dogs infested with R. sanguineus (Jaboticabal) and antigens from R. sanguineus (Rafaela) and vice versa. We conclude that Dachshund dogs did not develop resistance against neither Jaboticabal nor Rafaela strains of R. sanguineus

Expression of a recombinant protein, A2 family, from Leishmania infantum (Jaboticabal strain) and its evaluation in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis serological test

This study aimed to express a recombinant A2 family protein of Leishmania chagasi, Jaboticabal strain; test this protein as an antigen in serological assays; and investigate its antigenicity and immunogenicity. A protein coded by an allele of the A2 gene isolated from L. chagasi was expressed in three different strains of Escherichia coli. We used 29 sera samples from Leishmune-vaccinated dogs, 482 sera samples from dogs from endemic areas (positive controls), and 170 sera samples from dogs from non-endemic areas (negative controls) in ELISA tests using soluble Leishmaniaantigen (SLA) and His-A2 as antigen. Expressed proteins showed, by western blotting, the expression of an 11 KDa protein. Sixty-three percent (303/482) of the samples from endemic areas were positive by ELISA His-A2, whereas 93.1% (27/29) of Leishmune®-vaccinated animals were negative by His-A2-ELISA. Anti-A2 antibodies from mice inoculated with the A2 protein were detected in slides containing amastigote forms, but not in slides containing promastigote forms. The A2 recombinant protein from L. chagasi may be a useful tool in the diagnosis of CVL, and further tests regarding the infection stage and the specie of parasite at which the dogs are sampled should provide a better understanding of our results

Molecular and serological detection of Leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Leishmaniose é uma doença zoonótica que afeta cerca de 12 milhões de pessoas no mundo todo. Várias espécies mamíferas podem servir de reservatório para a doença. Os cães são considerados os principais reservatórios para a leishmaniose visceral em áreas urbanas, o que tem se tornado um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de Leishmania spp. em animais selvagens mantidos no zoológico de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados amostras de sangue e tecidos de cinco espécies diferentes: Speothos venaticus, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous, Pseudalopex vetulus, e Procyon cancrivorus. Anticorpos contra Leishmania spp. foram detectados em três canídeos pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e pelo ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA-teste). A análise de PCR das amostras de sangue e medula óssea foi negativa para todas as amostras, mas DNA de Leishmania foi encontrado em tecidos e pele de animais soropositivos. As amostras de PCR positivas também foram positivas para o complexo Leishmania donovani. Análise de sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR mostrou similaridade com diferentes regiões do cinetoplasto de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Medidas de controle de leishmaniose visceral em animais selvagens mantidos em zoológicos brasileiros devem ser estabelecidas, uma vez que não há nenhum programa de controle disponível.Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. Several mammalian species can serve as a reservoir for this disease. Dogs are the main reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, which has become a serious public health concern in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil. Blood and various tissues samples were collected from animals of five different species: Speothos venaticus, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous, Pseudalopex vetulus, and Procyon cancrivorus. Antibodies against Leishmania spp. were detected in three wild canids by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCR analyses of blood and bone marrow from all animals were negative, but Leishmania DNA was found in the tissues and skin of seropositive animals. Positive PCR samples were also positive for Leishmania donovani complex. Analysis of sequenced PCR products showed similarities with different regions of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi kinetoplastids. Measures to control visceral leishmaniasis in wild animals kept in Brazilian zoos should be established, as no disease control programs are currently available.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

A novel A2 allele found in Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose amplamente disseminada, causada no Brasil pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Flebotomíneos vetores adquirem o agente etiológico, alimentando-se do sangue de animais contaminados, como cachorros ou animais selvagens. A doença é endêmica no Brasil, e focos de epidemia são relatados em cidades densamente povoadas por todo o país. Muitas manifestações clínicas relacionadas à infecção por Leishmania estão ligadas à relação parasito-hospedeiro, e vários possíveis fatores de virulência dos parasitas, que causam a LV, são alvos de estudo, tais como os genes A2. O gene A2 foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1994 e, em seguida, em 2005, três novos alelos foram descritos em Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. No presente estudo, um fragmento do gene A2 de uma população clonal de L.(L.) infantum chagasi foi amplificado por PCR e sua sequência de nucleotídeos determinada. O fragmento mostrou 90% de similaridade com alelos do gene A2 de Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani e de L. (L.) infantum, descritos na literatura. Entretanto, a tradução da sequência de nucleotídeos mostra diferenças na sequência de aminoácidos da proteína, que podem ser essenciais em determinar a variabilidade do gene A2 em espécies do complexo L. (L.) donovani e representa uma ferramenta adicional na compreenssão do papel dessa família de genes na virulência e imunidade da leishmaniose visceral. O conhecimento dessa variação é importante para o desenvolvimento de testes diagnósticos mais precisos e ferramentas mais eficazes no controle da doença.Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a widely spread zoonotic disease. In Brazil the disease is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Peridomestic sandflies acquire the etiological agent by feeding on blood of infected reservoir animals, such as dogs or wildlife. The disease is endemic in Brazil and epidemic foci have been reported in densely populated cities all over the country. Many clinical features of Leishmania infection are related to the host-parasite relationship, and many candidate virulence factors in parasites that cause VL have been studied such as A2 genes. The A2 gene was first isolated in 1994 and then in 2005 three new alleles were described in Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. In the present study we amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced the A2 gene from the genome of a clonal population of L. (L.) infantum chagasi VL parasites. The L. (L.) infantum chagasi A2 gene was amplified, cloned, and sequenced in. The amplified fragment showed approximately 90% similarity with another A2 allele amplified in Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani and in L.(L.) infantum described in literature. However, nucleotide translation shows differences in protein amino acid sequence, which may be essential to determine the variability of A2 genes in the species of the L. (L.) donovani complex and represents an additional tool to help understanding the role this gene family may have in establishing virulence and immunity in visceral leishmaniasis. This knowledge is important for the development of more accurate diagnostic tests and effective tools for disease control.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP