Respiration rates in water with different qualities (n = 3, error bars = SD).

<p>Respiration rates in water with different qualities (n = 3, error bars  =  SD).</p

Respiration rates at different pH values (n = 3, error bars = SD).

<p>Respiration rates at different pH values (n = 3, error bars  =  SD).</p

The original characteristics of distilled water, tap water and discharged water.

a<p>The hardness of water was represented as CaCO₃, mg/L.</p

Dry weight vs. wet weight of Tubificidae worms.

<p>Dry weight vs. wet weight of Tubificidae worms.</p

Respiration rates for different worm densities (n = 3, error bars = SD).

<p>Respiration rates for different worm densities (n = 3, error bars  =  SD).</p

Respiration rates at different DO concentrations (n = 3, error bars = SD).

<p>Respiration rates at different DO concentrations (n = 3, error bars  =  SD).</p

Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater by Coupling Anammox and Methane-Dependent Denitrification in a Membrane Biofilm Reactor

This work demonstrates, for the first time, the feasibility of nitrogen removal by using the synergy of anammox and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) microorganisms in a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). The reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater containing nitrate and ammonium. Methane was delivered from the interior of hollow fibres in the MBfR to the biofilm that grew on the fiber’s outer wall. After 24 months of operation, the system achieved a nitrate and an ammonium removal rate of about 190 mgN L^–1 d^–1 (or 86 mgN m^–2 d^–1, with m² referring to biofilm surface area) and 60 mgN L^–1 d^–1 (27 mgN m^–2 d^–1), respectively. No nitrite accumulation was observed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated that DAMO bacteria (20–30%), DAMO archaea (20–30%) and anammox bacteria (20–30%) jointly dominated the microbial community. Based on the known metabolism of these microorganisms, mass balance, and isotope studies, we hypothesize that DAMO archaea converted nitrate, both externally fed and produced by anammox, to nitrite, with methane as the electron donor. Anammox and DAMO bacteria jointly removed the nitrite produced, with ammonium and methane as the electron donor, respectively. The process could potentially be used for anaerobic nitrogen removal from wastewater streams containing ammonium and nitrate/nitrite