Phosphotyrosine and GluR1 immunopositive neurons in VRC/NA.

<p>Photomicrographs showing that the phosphotyrosine immunopositive neurons (FITC, green) were also immunopositive to GluR1 (cy3, red). Arrows indicated the double-labeled neurons. Scale bar, 10μm.</p

Effects of microinjection of different drugs into VRC/NA on hypoxic respiratory response.

<p>A-C: Hypoxic respiratory response (the increases of ∫Phr and <i>f</i> during hypoxia test) was decreased after microinjection of genistein (A, n = 10) or CNQX (B, n = 10), but not after daidzein (C, n = 6). D-E: CNQX and/or genistein, when microinjected together or one after another, did not cause stronger suppression of hypoxic respiratory response than when microinjected alone.</p

Effects of microinjections of genistein and CNQX at VRC/NA on hypoxic respiratory response.

<p>Effects of microinjections of genistein and CNQX at VRC/NA on hypoxic respiratory response.</p

Locations of microinjection sites.

<p>A: Schematic drawing at a level of 2 mm rostral to the obex. Microinjection sites were indicated with ★. Control injection sites were indicated by ◆. B: A representative photomicrograph showing the actual injection site marked with a lesion (arrow).</p

Re-evaluation of the interrelationships among the behavioral tests in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

<div><p>The chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression has been widely used as an experimental tool to investigate human psychopathology. Our objective was to provide an update on the validity and reliability of the chronic unpredictable mild stress model, by analyzing the interrelationships among the indexes using stepwise discriminant analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient to examine the possible combinations. We evaluated the depressive rats in both the presence and the absence of chronic unpredictable mild stress, using weight change, percentage of sucrose preference, coat state, splash test, open-field test, elevated plus-maze test, forced swimming test, and Morris water maze test. The results showed that 6-week-long chronic unpredictable mild stress produces significant depression and anxiety-like behavior. The combination of body weight change, percentage of sucrose preference, coat state score, open-field score, grooming latency of splash test, immobility time in force swimming test, and platform crossing in the Morris water maze test can effectively discriminate between normal and chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. Strong interrelationships were noted among these indexes in both open-field test and elevated plus-maze test. In conclusion, there might be certain criteria for the combination of behavioral endpoints, which is advantageous to more effectively and reliably assess the chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression model.</p></div

CUMS schedule.

<p>CUMS schedule.</p

Results of the latency and the times of passing in the MWM test of rats submitted to 6-week CUMS (mean ± SD, n = 40).

<p>Results of the latency and the times of passing in the MWM test of rats submitted to 6-week CUMS (mean ± SD, n = 40).</p

Results of the latency and time of grooming behavior following a 10% sucrose solution spray in the splash test of rats submitted to 6-week CUMS(mean ± SD, n = 40).A: Grooming latency(sec); B: Grooming time(%).

<p>**p < 0.01 vs control.</p

Results of the coat status test of rats submitted to 6-week CUMS (mean ± SD, n = 40).

<p>**p < 0.01 vs control.</p

Results of forced swimming test of rats submitted to 6-week CUMS (mean ± SD, n = 40).

<p>**p < 0.01 vs control.</p