High intratumoral dihydrotestosterone is associated with antiandrogen resistance in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in castrated mice

Antiandrogen treatment resistance is a major clinical concern in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. Using xenografts of VCaP cells we showed that growth of antiandrogen resistant CRPC tumors were characterized by a higher intratumor dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration than that of treatment responsive tumors. Furthermore, the slow tumor growth after adrenalectomy was associated with a low intratumor DHT concentration. Reactivation of androgen signaling in enzalutamide-resistant tumors was further shown by the expression of several androgen-dependent genes. The data indicate that intratumor DHT concentration and expression of several androgen-dependent genes in CRPC lesions is an indication of enzalutamide treatment resistance and an indication of the need for further androgen blockade. The presence of an androgen synthesis, independent of CYP17A1 activity, has been shown to exist in prostate cancer cells, and thus, novel androgen synthesis inhibitors are needed for the treatment of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC tumors that do not respond to abiraterone.Peer reviewe

Reproductive analysis of HSD17B3 knockout mice

Hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) is known to be the primary enzyme responsible for the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in testes, and thus important for male sexual development, maturation and reproductive health. HSD17B3 deficiency is a known cause of a disorder of sex development, where affected boys are born with outwardly female genitalia, but are virilized at puberty. In this study, we established and characterized an HSD17B3 knockout mouse model to clarify the role and necessity of HSD17B3 for the reproductive phenotype, as well as find a model that could offer new insights to the mechanisms and consequences of the disorder in human patients. We found that the male HSD17B3 knockout phenotype is indicative of hypogonadism, including shorter anogenital distance, delayed puberty, lower fertility, and lower weight of testes and several other androgen-sensitive tissues, compared to control animals. The effect of the knockout was observed directly on the androgen levels in testes and in circulation. In particular, androstenedione levels were high and testosterone levels low in knockout animals at puberty. In adults androstenedione remained high, but the concentration of serum testosterone was unexpectedly also higher than in controls, yet the hypogonadal phenotype persisted. In addition to changes in hormone levels, increased testicular expression of several genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and steroidogenesis was observed. This study demonstrates that HSD17B3 is essential for proper androgen homeostasis in mice but other enzymes can produce significant amounts of testosterone as androstenedione accumulates. The likely defect in testosterone biosynthesis during development results in hypogonadism that does not fully recover. Finally, the phenotype of the model has similarities to human patients, providing possibilities to further understand the disorder in humans, to search for novel treatment options, and to identify potential secondary complications