Programmed Cell Death-1 Polymorphisms Decrease the Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Involving Twelve Case-Control Studies

<div><p>Programmed cell death-1 (<i>PD-1</i>) plays an important inhibitory role in anti-tumor responses, so it is considered as a powerful candidate gene for individual’s genetic susceptibility to cancer. Recently, some epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between <i>PD-1</i> polymorphisms and cancer risk. However, the results of the studies are conflicting. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed. We identified all studies reporting the relationship between <i>PD-1</i> polymorphisms and cancers by electronically searches. According to the inclusion criteria and the quality assessment of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), only high quality studies were included. A total of twelve relevant studies involving 5,206 cases and 5,174 controls were recruited. For <i>PD-1</i>.<i>5</i> (rs2227981) polymorphism, significantly decreased cancer risks were obtained among overall population, Asians subgroup and population-based subgroup both in TT vs. CC and TT vs. CT+CC genetic models. In addition, a similar result was also found in T vs. C allele for overall population. However, there were no significant associations between either <i>PD-1</i>.<i>9</i> (rs2227982) or <i>PD-1</i> rs7421861 polymorphisms and cancer risks in all genetic models and alleles. For <i>PD-1</i>.<i>3</i> (rs11568821) polymorphism, we found different cancer susceptibilities between GA vs. GG and AA vs. AG+GG genetic models, and no associations between AA vs. GG, AA+AG vs. GG genetic models or A vs. G allele and cancer risks. In general, our results firstly indicated that <i>PD-1</i>.<i>5</i> (rs2227981) polymorphism is associated a strongly decreased risk of cancers. Additional epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings.</p></div

Forest plots of the <i>PD-1</i>.<i>3</i>(rs11568821) polymorphism and cancer risk for overall populations (A for AA vs. GG; B for AA vs. AG+GG; C for AA+AG vs. GG; D for AG vs. GG and E for A vs. G).

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific ORs and 95% CIs. The areas of the squares reflect the study-specific weights (which was the inverse of the variance). The diamonds represent the pooled ORs and 95% CIs.</p

Flow diagram of study selection.

<p>Flow diagram of study selection.</p

Forest plots of the <i>PD-1</i>.<i>5</i> (rs2227981) polymorphism and cancer risk for overall populations (A for TT vs. CC; B for TT vs. CT+CC; C for TT+CT vs. CC; D for TC vs. CC and E for T vs. C).

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific ORs and 95% CIs. The areas of the squares reflect the study-specific weights (which was the inverse of the variance). The diamonds represent the pooled ORs and 95% CIs.</p

Forest plots of the <i>PD-1</i>.<i>5</i> (rs2227981) polymorphism and cancer risk for population-based subgroup (A for TT vs. CC; B for TT vs. CT+CC; C for TT+CT vs. CC; D for TC vs. CC and E for T vs. C).

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific ORs and 95% CIs. The areas of the squares reflect the study-specific weights (which was the inverse of the variance). The diamonds represent the pooled ORs and 95% CIs.</p

Characteristics of eligible studies in the meta-analysis of <i>PD-1</i> polymorphisms and cancer risk.

<p>Characteristics of eligible studies in the meta-analysis of <i>PD-1</i> polymorphisms and cancer risk.</p

Forest plots of the <i>PD-1</i>.<i>9</i> (rs2227982) polymorphism and cancer risk for overall populations (A for TT vs. CC; B for TT vs. CT+CC; C for TT+CT vs. CC; D for TC vs. CC and E for T vs. C).

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific ORs and 95% CIs. The areas of the squares reflect the study-specific weights (which was the inverse of the variance). The diamonds represent the pooled ORs and 95% CIs.</p

Forest plots of the <i>PD-1</i>.<i>5</i> (rs2227981) polymorphism and cancer risk for Asians subgroup (A for TT vs. CC; B for TT vs. CT+CC; C for TT+CT vs. CC; D for TC vs. CC and E for T vs. C).

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific ORs and 95% CIs. The areas of the squares reflect the study-specific weights (which was the inverse of the variance). The diamonds represent the pooled ORs and 95% CIs.</p

One-Pot Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted and Polysubstituted Phenols from Acyclic Precursors

A new strategy for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted phenols is established through one-pot Robinson annulation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with α-fluoro-β-ketoesters followed by in situ dehydrofluorination and tautomerization. This method has been extended to the synthesis of polysubstituted phenols and applied in the preparation of biologically active compounds

Characteristics and results of the present study compared with the previous meta-analysis.

<p>Characteristics and results of the present study compared with the previous meta-analysis.</p