Effect of errors in spectrophotometry due to fluorescence on the ability to calculate colors by the Neugebauer equations

Spectrophotometers were originally designed without taking into account the fluorescent effect of papers and inks on spectrophotometric measurements. Monochromatic illumination is used in most of the available spectrophotometers, but the spectrophotometric curve measured by using monochromatic light does not approximate the same effect that is seen by the eye if fluorescence is present. White light illumination must be used to obtain a valid spectrophotometric curve of fluorescent materials. The Neugebauer equations are often used to calculate the tristimulus values of halftone prints. As long as the Neugebauer primaries do not fluoresce, measurements of primaries made by monochromatic illumination are valid. However, if the Neugebauer primaries fluoresce, these primaries have to be measured by white light illumination. If an appropriate measurement is not used to determine the tristimulus values of the Neugebauer primaries for fluorescent materials, errors are introduced in the results as calculated by these equations. The magnitude of these errors is the problem under investigation in this paper. An experimental model was established using the Neugebauer equations. The Neugebauer primaries were measured by both monochromatic and white light. Colors of 125 combinations of percent dot areas were calculated by the Neugebauer equations. The color differences in the calculations based on two modes of illumination were expressed in terms of A E, using the (U\u27,V\u27,W\u27) system. AE of about 1.5 were computed for the ordinary non-fluorescent ink samples, and A E of about 12 was computed for the fluorescent ink samples. These values are based on the average color differences of the 125 colors calculated

Inhibition of Hsp90 Leads to Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

IntroductionHeat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an abundant molecular chaperone that mediates the maturation and stability of a variety of proteins associated with the promotion of cell growth and survival. Inhibition of Hsp90 function leads to proteasomal degradation of its mis-folded client proteins. Recently, Hsp90 has emerged as being of prime importance to the growth and survival of cancer cells and its inhibitors have already been used in phase I and II clinical trials.MethodsWe investigated how 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, is implicated in human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM).ResultsWe found that 17-AAG led to significant G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell proliferation, and decrease of AKT, AKT1, and survivin expression in all human malignant pleural mesothelioma cell lines examined. We also observed significant apoptosis induction in all MM cell lines treated with 17-AAG. Furthermore, 17-AAG induced apoptosis in freshly cultured primary MM cells and caused signaling changes identical to those in 17-AAG treated MM cell lines.ConclusionThese results suggest that Hsp90 is strongly associated with the growth and survival of MM and that inhibition of Hsp90 may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of MM

不登校支援における父親の役割 : 行動論的アプローチを行うに当たって

School refusal behaviour is a common problem amongst Japanese secondary schools. Without appropriate treatment this behaviour often leads to serious consequences, such as social withdrawal. Although a variety of psychological approaches to treat school refusal behaviour have been utilised over a long period, the problem has continued to worsen. In Japan, the number of children classified with school refusal behaviour has surpassed 100,000. Clearly there is an urgent need to find more effective approaches. This article reports on the successful treatment of a 14-year-old student using behavioural therapy. Prior to commencing this treatment, school officials and the school counsellor asked the student\u27s father for aggressive support. The father accepted this requirement and consequently the student began coming to the counselling room of the school. Subsequently, schoolbased behavioural therapy was used. Eventually the student was able to re-attend classes on a daily basis. Although it is crucial for school officials, parents and school counsellors to work together in the treatment of school refusal behaviour, aggressive support from fathers has been so far overlooked. This case study suggests that a conventional behavioural approach with aggressive support from the father could be an effective approach for school refusal behaviour

スクールカウンセラーによる行動論的再登校支援 : 集中的エクスポージャーによる教室復帰

Although previous studies have shown effectiveness of intensive exposure therapy for school refusal behaviour, few case studies on this subject have been reported in recent years. This article discusses the successful treatment of a 14-year-old student with school refusal behaviour using intensive exposure therapy. There were two phases in the treatment. In the first phase, the school counsellor, parents and homeroom teacher attended a case conference, where the school counsellor provided psychoeducation on the mechanism of avoidance behaviour. The second phase was the intensive exposure therapy by the parents, homeroom teacher and classmates. Through a series of treatments, the student was able to return to classes on a daily basis. This case study suggests that intensive exposure might be applied as an effective school-based approach for treating school refusal behaviour