Current amplitude dependence of the response magnitude of the cerebellar activation.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Average time course of the cerebellar activation in response to an individual EM block. The shaded region indicates the EM block. For each time course, the baseline signal [mean of 2 frames (5 sec) before the onset of EM block] was subtracted before averaging. Error bars indicate standard error (SE). Red, 750 µA (240 blocks). Green, 500 µA (264 blocks). Blue, 250 µA (240 blocks). (<b>b</b>) Response magnitude for each current amplitude. Colored lines indicate data for individual monkeys (gray solid line, Monkey 1; gray dotted line, Monkey 2). Error bars indicate SE. *, <i>P</i><0.02. **, <i>P</i><0.0002. ***, <i>P</i><10⁻⁸.</p

List of BOLD activations in the cerebellum.

<p>List of the coordinates of the peaks of EM-evoked BOLD activations in the cerebellum for two monkeys (Monkey 1, 250 µA, 30 runs; Monkey 2, 500 µA, 9 runs). Significance level was set at <i>P</i><0.05 (corrected). Activated regions with volumes ≥6 mm³ (2.1 original voxels) are included. Cb4, cerebellar lobule 4. Cb5, cerebellar lobule 5. Cb6, cerebellar lobule 6. Cop, copula pyramidis. Crus2, crus2 of ansiform lobule. DPFl, dorsal paraflocculus. PM, paramedian lobule. Anatomical areas are labeled by referring to the Paxinos et al. brain atlas <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047515#pone.0047515-Paxinos1" target="_blank">[22]</a>.</p

BOLD activations in the cerebellum induced by electrical stimulation of S1.

<p>(<b>a</b>)–(<b>b</b>) A representative <i>t</i>-score map of BOLD activation in Monkey 1 in one session (250 µA, 30 runs). (a) BOLD activation at the site of EM. In Monkey 1, right S1 was stimulated (arrow). (b) BOLD activations in the cerebellum. Cb5, cerebellar lobule V. Cop, copula myramidis. (<b>c</b>)–(<b>d</b>) A representative <i>t</i>-score map of BOLD activation in Monkey 2 in one session (500 µA, 9 runs). Conventions are the same as in (a) and (b). (c) BOLD activation at the site of EM. In Monkey 2, left S1 was stimulated (arrow). (d) BOLD activations in the cerebellum.</p

Simultaneous fMRI and electrical stimulation of S1.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Left panel, schematic drawing of a monkey brain with a microelectrode inserted in S1. Right panel, anatomical MRI image (FLASH) showing a monkey brain with a microelectrode inserted. ele, microelectrode. cs, central sulcus. ips, intraparietal sulcus. (<b>b</b>) Coronal sections of a representative <i>t</i>-score map of BOLD activation in Monkey 1 in one session (250 µA, 30 runs). In Monkey 1, right S1 was stimulated. A5, the area 5. Cb, cerebellum. S1, primary somatosensory cortex. S2, secondary somatosensory cortex. Thal, thalamus. stim, the site of EM. (<b>c</b>) Time courses of BOLD activations in S1 and Thal (30 runs, 240 EM blocks). Baseline signal [mean of 2 frames (6 sec) before the onset of EM block] was subtracted before averaging. White bars indicate 30 sec blocks of EM.</p