Is Foreign Direct Investment Effective From The Perspective Of Tax Avoidance? An Analysis Of Tax Avoidance Through The International Transfer Pricing Behaviors Of Korean Corporations

This study examines whether multinational companies carry out tax avoidance through subsidiaries. An empirical analysis was conducted of 4,585 Korean firms from 2001 to 2010 by company and year. The results are as follows. First, MNCs that have become more internationally diversified through the establishment of overseas subsidiaries generally show a higher tendency to avoid tax. Thus, the analysis results show a positive correlation between globally diversified MNCs and corporate tax avoidance. This correlation is established due to the firms' active use of tax strategies (investment tax credits, tax cuts) applicable to the various countries in which they have expanded their businesses. Second, the analysis results showed that these firms actively avoided tax with overseas transfer pricing behaviors when compared to companies without overseas subsidiaries. Thus, the adjustment of sales prices and purchase value through actual transactions increased the propensity of the parent company to avoid tax.

Anti-aging activities of Pyrus pyrifolia var culta plant callus extract

Purpose: To investigate the anti-aging properties of callus extract from Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta with skin regeneration and lightening activities.Methods: Callus extract of P. pyrifolia var. culta was produced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with picloram, followed by extraction of the callus biomass in phosphate-buffered saline. The anti-oxidant activity of the extract was assessed using the DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. Inhibition of skin pigmentation by callus extract was evaluated by measuring the melanogenesis of melanoma cells. The skin-regenerating efficacy of the extract was evaluated in terms of its ability to promote procollagen synthesis and fibroblast cell proliferation.Results: The callus extract, at 10 mg/mL, exhibited 78.7 % free radical-scavenging activity, equivalent to that exhibited by 500 μM ascorbic acid. The 1 mg/mL extract solution afforded a 1.4-fold greater reduction in melanocyte melanin than did a 1 mg/mL arbutin solution. Fibroblast cells treated with 5 mg/mL callus extract exhibited 127 % higher levels of proliferation and 2.0-fold higher levels of procollagen type I C-peptide synthesis, respectively, compared with the untreated controls.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the callus extract of P. pyrifolia var. culta may be useful as a source of anti-aging cosmetic components with skin lightening and regenerating activities.Keywords: P. pyrifolia var. culta, Anti-aging, Callus extract, Skin lightening, Anti-tyrosinase activity, Melanogenesis, Wound recovery, Procollagen type I C-peptide synthesi

A Study on the effect of education participation on total factor of productivity

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2016Endogenous growth model opens up a channel to linkage between education and economic growth. However, the effect of education is difficult to capture, as it influences economy through direct and indirect channels. Average years of schooling are commonly employed as a proxy for human capital. However, it may only showthepartial effect of education on economy as it reflects aggregated education level without considering the cohort effect. In order to explore the cohort effect of education on economy, this study takes the measurement of the completion rate of primary and lower secondary education. The data captures increasing participation in basic education overtime, and increase of education completion rate among cohort may have a positive influence n Total Factor of Productivity (TFP) growth. The author analyzes the relationship between education completion rate of primary and lower secondary education, and TFP growth rate by using worldwide panels from 1970to 2000 covering 60to 71countries. While only secondary education shows a positive impact on TFP growth, both primary and secondary education completion rates are positively associated with technical efficiency change (imitation). The result implies that basic education contributes to productivity growth through accelerating adaptionof technology.I. Introduction II. Literature Review III. Econometric Specification Model IV. Data V. Results VI. Conclusion VII. Appendix VIII. ReferencesmasterpublishedWoo Jin JUNG

How Far Can Brands Go To Defend Themselves?: The Extent of Fashion Brand Negative Publicity Impact on Brand Equity

How Far Can Brands Go To Defend Themselves?: The Extent of Fashion Brand Negative Publicity Impact on Brand Equit